Western

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Western Europe
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Western Europe

• 1/3 of Europe
• 2.3 million square miles
• 4 of the Earth
• 18 countries with a variety of environments and
  people.
• Most people enjoy a high standard of living
• Industrial areas crowded and polluted

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Peninsula of Peninsulas

• EUROPE

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What is a peninsula?

• A piece of land surrounded on three sides by
  water.
• Ex.---Florida

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Peninsula of Peninsulas

• Part of large landmass Eurasia
• Iberian Peninsula Spain, Portugal Italian
  Italy
• Balkan Greece
• Scandinavian Norway Sweden
• Jutland Denmark

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Western Europe

• Sub regions
• The British Isles
• Northern (Scandinavia)
• Continental
• Mediterranean

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Land

• Seas and coast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea,
  Baltic Sea, and Arctic Ocean.
• Many bays, seas, and gulfs.
• Closeness to the sea has helped with trade.
• Europeans depend on sea for food.

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Mountains and Plains

• Rugged mountains Pyrenees (Fr and Sp) Alps
  (central Europe) Apennines (It) Sierra Nevada
  (Sp)
• Northern European Plains stretch from Br. to
  Russia other plains on southern peninsula.
• Plateau Meseta (Sp)

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Water Features

• The Rhine (Major river) Begins in Alps empties
  into North Sea.
• Danube River (flows eastward) begins is Central
  Europe empties into Black Sea
• Seine, Rhone (Fr) Thames (GB) and Po (It)
• Strait of Gibraltar

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Fjords long narrow water inlets (Norway) carved
by glaciers
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Fjord a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea
between steep slopes. (carved by glaciers)
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The British Isles and Nordic Nations
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Fun Facts

• Great Britain largest island in Europe
• Great Britain England Wales Scotland
• United Kingdom (UK) Great Britain Northern
  Ireland
• England Former independent country
• England most densely populated are in
  British Isles

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England
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Questions to Consider

• What major physical characteristics can be found
  in different regions of England, and how do they
  affect the economy?
• Why did London become one of the greatest
  commercial and shipping centers in the world?
• How did the Industrial Revolution change and
  expand economic activities in the United Kingdom?

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Englands Physical Geography

• England is divided into three different areas
  the Highlands, Midlands, and Lowlands.
• The Highlands
• - Rocky band of hills along west coast
• - Difficult to farm
• The Midlands
• - to SE of Highlands
• - Coal fueled Englands Industrial Revolution
• - center of industry today
• - high population density
• The Lowlands
• - SE
• - Low Elevation
• - Fertile Soil productive farms (crops
  livestock
• - Marine West Coast climate ( warm summer, cool
  winter,
• cloudy, foggy , damp year round).

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LONDON

• One of greatest commercial shipping cities in
  the world! Howd that happen?
• London lies only 70 miles (110 km) from the
  continent of Europe.
• London is located on the Thames River estuary.
• Built powerful navy to take advantage of sea
• In the late 1400s, improvements in ships and
  navigational devices allowed Europeans to cross
  the Atlantic Ocean.
• By the 1500s, London had become a bustling sea
  port.
• 1600s 1700s, Brit settlers founded colonies
  around the world
• Britain has a strategic, central location for
  Atlantic trade, and as trade across the Atlantic
  increased, Britains relative location improved.
• During 1800s, more than ¼ of the worlds land was
  ruled by the British Empire. The sun never sets
  on the British Empire

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London on the Thames
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Economic Activities

• In the 1500s, Britain shipped
  mostly agricultural products.
• Some of the earliest technological advances
  of the Industrial Revolution
  were used in the textile industry, using
  first water and then coal to power
  machines.
• Britain possessed large amounts of coal and iron
  ore, or rocky material containing a valuable
  mineral.

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Iron
Coal
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The Industrial Revolution brought wealth, but it
also changed the English landscape.
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Much of the regions coal supply has been used
up, and since the 1970s Britain began using oil
and natural gas taken from under the North Sea as
sources of fuel.
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To offset the loss of heavy industry, the
government has fostered the growth of tertiary
economic activities such as finance and tourism
insurance
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The Chunnel

• In 1994, France England completed building a
  tunnel beneath the English Channel.
• It connects the two nations with a 31 mile
  underwater rail link

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In which region are most English coal deposits
found? a) Highlands b) Midlands c) Lowlands d)
Uplands To what sort of economic activities has
Britain turned in recent years? a) farming and
herding b) heavy manufacturing c) finance,
insurance, and tourism d) information processing
and research
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Scotland Wales
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Questions to Consider

• What are the major physical characteristics of
  Scotland?
• How have Scotland and Wales prevented their
  cultural identities from being completely
  replaced by English culture?
• How have technological changes affected economic
  activities in Wales?

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Scotland
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The Highlands

• The Highlands region is a large, high plateau
  with many lochs, or lakes.
• Moors, or broad, treeless rolling plains, cover
  much of the Highlands and are dotted with bogs,
  areas of wet, spongy ground.
• The Highlands are well suited to fishing and
  sheep herding
• Scottish home industry tweed production

Rannoch Moor, Scotland
Bog
Tweed
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Nessie
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The Central Lowlands

• Stretches from Edinburgh to Glasgow
• home to 75 of Scotlands people.
• Glasgow was a huge shipbuilding center in the
  1800s and early 1900s.
• Heavy industry in the Lowlands hit hard times in
  the mid-1900s. 1/3 of residents have left since
  1960

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The Southern Uplands

• primarily a sheep-raising region
• Woolen Mills
• near the English border.
• The Cheviot Hills give way to rolling plateaus
  that have been worn down by glaciers.

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Scottish Culture

• Changing economy
• - new industry
• - Oil in North Sea
• - Computers
• Politically united with England in 1707, but many
  differences
• - trading rights
• - Religion
• - England Church of Eng.
• - Scotland Presbyterian
• - Politics new Scottish
• parliament in 1999 allowed Scots
• to make decisions regarding
• education, health, ag justice
• Independence Movt
• - minority of Scots favor Scotland
• becoming a separate country

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Wales
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Wales

• Wales possesses a distinct culture, but it has
  been strongly influenced since being conquered by
  England in 1284.
• As a Peninsula of Great Britain, the landscape of
  Wales is similar to that of Scotland, and it
  receives more rain than England. (Marine West
  Coast Climate)
• About 20 of the Welsh population speaks Welsh
  as their first language, and Welsh patriots have
  won the right to broadcast television programs
  entirely in Welsh.
• Industry and coal mining have changed the
  landscape and economy of southern Wales, but by
  the 1980s most of the coal mines had closed.
• In the 1990s, high-tech industries
  provided new jobs in
  Wales

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In the 1800s, Glasgow was the center of which
industry? a) textile manufacturing b) steel
making c) shipbuilding d) trade and finance In
Wales, high-tech industries helped economic
growth after the closure of a) coal
mines b) hydroelectric plants c) shipyards d) tele
vision studios
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Ireland
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Questions to Consider

• How would you describe Irelands physical
  characteristics?
• What geographic processes caused cooperation and
  conflict in Ireland?
• What initiatives has the Republic of Ireland
  pursued in order to encourage economic activity?

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Irelands Physical Characteristics

• Ireland is shaped like a huge bowl, with hills
  ringing most of the coastline.
• Irelands moist climate keeps vegetation a
  brilliant green, making its nickname The Emerald
  Isle.
• About one sixth of the island is covered by peat,
  a spongy material containing waterlogged mosses
  and plants that can be used as fuel.
• The Republic of Ireland has recently developed a
  method of using peat in power plants, which now
  produce almost one quarter of the nations
  electricity.

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Irelands history has been shaped by invasions
and wars.
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Religious Conflicts

• In the early 1500s, Protestants broke from the
  Catholic Church in the Reformation.
• The Protestant minority controlled much of the
  wealth, and Irish Catholics were poor.
• Conflict between Irish Protestants and Irish
  Catholics led to cultural divergence, or
  deliberate efforts to keep the cultures separate.
• Many poor Irish died in the Potato Famine of the
  1840s, inflaming anti-British feelings and
  causing many Irish to emigrate.

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Government and Citizenship

• Irish rebellions in 1916 and 1921 led to free
  state status under British supervision, with the
  exception of six counties in the northeast that
  remained part of the U.K.
• The free state declared total independence in
  1949 as the Republic of Ireland.
• Catholics in Northern Ireland favor
  reunification, while Protestants oppose it.
• Protestant and Catholic extremists in Northern
  Ireland have used violence to try to win control
  of Northern Ireland.

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Economic Activities

• In the 1990s, the Republic of Ireland invested in
  education and modern telecommunications.
• Foreign high-tech companies were persuaded to
  locate administrative offices in Ireland.
• Irish economic growth became the highest in
  Europe in the late 1990s, and per capita income
  increased dramatically as unemployment fell.
• The new economic climate pulled immigrants to
  Ireland and lured back many emigrants in the
  United States.
• After Ireland adopted the Euro in 1999, inflation
  rose at triple the European average, housing
  costs soared, and some worried about a growing
  income gap.

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What is the Republic of Ireland using to generate
nearly one quarter of its electricity? a)
natural gas b) geothermal heat c)
peat d) solar energy Irish investment in
education and telecommunications have resulted
in a) rapid economic growth and higher per
capita income. b) an economic recession. c) a
stagnant economy and a rise in unemployment. d) h
igher employment but lower per capita income.
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Iceland
Nordic Nations
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
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Questions to Consider

• What physical characteristics define the Nordic
  nations as a region?
• What kind of historical, cultural, and economic
  bonds do the Nordic nations share?
• How have the people of the Nordic nations used
  natural resources to successfully pursue a
  variety of economic activities?

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• A Varied Landscape
• The region is a collection of islands and
  peninsulas separated by water, and the landscape
  varies from very flat to very mountainous.

Natural Resources Icelanders have learned to
produce geothermal energy from the heat of the
earths interior.
The Ocean and the Climate Despite the long
winter, the climate is very mild due to warm
ocean currents.
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Environmental Change

• The landscape of the Scandinavian Peninsula is
  the product of the last Ice Age.
• The fjords of Scandinavia were carved out by
  glaciers and later filled with water.

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Long Winters, Short Summers

• The aurora borealis shine most brightly in the
  Nordic regions in winter.
• In midsummer, the sun never really sets for
  several weeks.

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The Nordic countries possess strong cultural
ties.

• Understanding the Past
• Between A.D. 800 and A.D. 1050, Vikings set out
  from Scandinavia to raid and later colonize parts
  of Western Europe.
• The Nordic nations were united at times.
• Most Nordic peoples belong to the Lutheran
  Church, established during the Reformation.
• Nordic languages, except Finnish, have common
  roots, and students are required to learn English
  as well..

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Economic Systems

• Nordic countries share certain political and
  economic beliefs.
• All Nordic countries practice a mixture of free
  enterprise and socialism in mixed economies, or
  systems combining different degrees of government
  regulation.
• Nordic countries guarantee certain goods and
  services to everyone and operate some industries
  that are private in the United States.
• Nordic countries tend to be politically neutral
  in foreign affairs.

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Economic Activities

• The Nordic countries have sound economies that
  derive their wealth from varied sources.
• Denmark and Sweden have flat land and a climate
  suitable for agriculture.
• Fishing is important to the Nordic
  countries, particularly Norway.
• The region also profits from oil and gas
  production, high-grade ores, and expanses of
  forest.

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Iceland produces much of its electricity and heat
from what source? a) oil and natural
gas b) solar energy c) geothermal
energy d) coal Shared political and economic
beliefs have led Nordic countries to a) practice
laissez-faire capitalism. b) practice pure
socialism. c) mix free enterprise and
socialism. d) embrace communist governments.
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Central Western Europe
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France
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Questions to Consider

• What are the main physical and economic regions
  of France?
• How have changes in government affected the
  extent of French territory?
• How is language related to culture in France?
• What economic and social uncertainties are part
  of French life today?

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France is divided into several historic,
cultural, and economic regions

• In the north, Paris is the political, economic,
  and cultural capital, and it is a center of
  industry.
• Southwestern France is known for its wine
  production. (Bordeaux)
• The Alps hindered movement
  between Italy and France until
  a tunnel was built
  under Mont Blanc.
• The French Riviera is renowned for its beaches
  and international film festival.
• The Rhine Valley provinces in the east are rich
  in natural resources.

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Understanding the Past

• Gaul was conquered by the Romans and adopted the
  Latin language and later the Christian religion.
• The Franks later conquered Gaul and gave their
  name to the region.
• Charlemagne, the greatest Frankish ruler, set up
  an efficient administration, but his empire fell
  apart after his death.
• Hugh Capet became the ruler of Paris and its
  surrounding lands in A.D. 987, and under his
  heirs the monarchy grew strong and expanded the
  country until its borders were
  almost the same as those of modern France.
• In 1789, the monarchy came to a bloody
  and violent end in the French
  Revolution.
• Since the revolution, France has had several
  different forms of government, including
  republics, empires, and a constitutional
  monarchy.

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One Country, One Language

• Before the 1500s, French was only spoken around
  Paris.
• As French kings expanded their control, they
  decreed that the language of Paris become the
  language of all the lands they ruled.
• Other languages such as German and Breton are
  still spoken, as are several dialects, or
  variations of a language unique to a region.
• French is the national language.
• The French Academy, established in 1635, works to
  preserve the purity of the French language.

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Cultural Identity

• French heroes include philosophers, such as Rene
  Descartes and Voltaire.
• French artists were leaders in the painting style
  known as Impressionism.
• Paris has been the cultural center of France for
  centuries.
• Museums such as the Louvre celebrate French
  artistic achievements.
• Paris is known for its theaters, ballets, operas,
  orchestras, and cinemas.

Voltaire
Descarte
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Notre Dame Cathedral
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Champs Elysee
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The Louvre
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Impressionism
Degas
Renoir
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Moulin Rouge
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France Today

• After World War II, the French government
  established programs to modernize the economy and
  balance growth among Frances regions.
• France also nationalized, or brought under state
  control, some businesses considered vital to
  national interests.
• France is a wealthy nation, but in the 1990s it
  struggled to recover from an economic recession,
  when unemployment was high.
• Immigrants, many from North Africa, were the
  focus of racial tensions.

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Nov. 2005 Riots in the Streets of France. WHY?
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Under whom did the Franks control most of Western
Europe? a) Julius Caesar b) Charlemagne c) Hugh
Capet d) Napoleon Bonaparte What organization
was established to preserve the purity of the
French language? a) the National Assembly b) the
French Academy c) the Louvre d) the European Union
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Germany
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Questions to Consider

• How did Germany achieve unification in the 1800s
  and the 1900s?
• How do physical characteristics affect economic
  activities and patterns of settlement in Germany?
• What challenges does Germany face in the world
  today?

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Divided German States

• Once part of Charlemagnes empire, Germany broke
  up into many small states after his death.
• The Protestant Reformation begun in 1517 divided
  Germany further.
• Prussia merged many German states into a
  confederation, and after defeating France in war,
  the new German Empire was forged.

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United Germanys Defeats

• Defeated in World War I, Germany was forced to
  pay reparations, which caused inflation and
  economic collapse.
• Adolph Hitler and the Nazis rose to power during
  the 1930s, promising to restore German glory.
• Germany was defeated again in World War II by
  Allied countries.

Berlin, 1945
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One People, Two Countries

• In 1989, a wave of protests overturned the
  Communist East German government, opening the
  borders and leading to a reunited Germany.

• Germany was divided during the Cold War into West
  and East Germany.

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Germanys land can be divided into three bands.

• Northern Germany is covered by the North German
  Plain, with important industries, Germanys
  largest cities, and access to the North Sea and
  the Baltic Sea.
• Central Germany is one of the most important
  industrial areas in the world, and it is also
  home to Germanys banking center at Frankfurt.
• Southern Germany borders the Bavarian Alps, and
  its largest city, Munich, became Germanys
  cultural center after World War II.

Hamburg
Frankfurt
Munich
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Germany in the World Today
The Good

• Germany is Western Europes leading industrial
  power and the third most technologically powerful
  economy after the United States and Japan.
• Germany retains strong economic ties with Eastern
  Europe and Northern Eurasia, and it is a leading
  member in the European Union.
• An aging population has pushed social security
  outlays to exceed contributions from workers.
• About 100 billion is spend every year to upgrade
  the economy of the eastern lands once under
  Communist control.
• Unemployment, violence against foreign workers,
  and environmental pollution are other problems
  Germany faces.

The Bad
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Tensions between the Soviet Union and the Western
Allies resulted in a) Germany paying heavy
reparations to the Allies. b) the division of
Germany into East and West. c) the rapid
reconstruction of Germany. d) the fall of the
Berlin Wall. Where are the most important German
industries located? a) on the North German
Plain b) in central Germany c) in southern
Germany d) in Prussia
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The BENELUX Countries
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Questions to Consider

• In what major way have the Dutch changed their
  physical environment?
• How has language affected culture in Belgium?
• How have economic activities changed in
  Luxembourg?

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The Netherlands

• When the Romans conquered the area, they built
  dikes, or embankments of rock and earth, to hold
  back the sea water.
• The Dutch became more skillful at creating new
  land, building dikes, pumping out water, and
  creating polders, land reclaimed from the sea.
• Beginning in the 1200s, the Dutch used windmills
  to power the pumps.
• Almost one third of the country is below sea
  level.

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Netherlands, Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster
Polder)
The Beemster polder was drained between 1608 and
1612, and is the oldest large area reclaimed from
the sea in the Netherlands. The layout of the
land was designed according to the principles of
classical planning, as a rectangular grid.
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Randstad

• The Netherlands has an extremely high population
  density, and almost half of the land is used for
  agriculture.
• The Dutch government devotes special attention to
  preserving rural land and preventing the densely
  populated area from expanding into it. Randstad

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The Port of Rotterdam

• Situated at the mouth of the Rhine, Rotterdam
  serves as a link between much of Europe and the
  world. busiest port in the world