Next theories - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Next theories

Description:

Next theories Keep the empirical rigor of behaviorism and add. . . . Cognition, thought, motivation, etc. Social learning In Skinner box animals are alone – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:326
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 63
Provided by: vuu1
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Next theories


1
Next theories
  • Keep the empirical rigor of behaviorism and add.
    . . .
  • Cognition, thought, motivation, etc.
  • Social learning
  • In Skinner box animals are alone
  • We learn by watching others!
  • Treat humans as active in selecting their
    environment
  • In Skinner box a rat is placed in there
  • We select our environments and they will change
    because we are in them
  • You at a party!

2
Theories
  • Dollard and Millers Social Learning Theory
  • Rotters Social Learning Theory
  • Banduras Social Learning Theory

3
Dollard Miller
4
Dollard and Miller
  • Combines behaviorism and Freudian theory!

5
Habit Hierarchy
  • All the behaviors a person might do
  • From most likely to least likely

6
Habit Hierarchy
Talk to Ponch
Get a drink
Talk to a woman
In a bar
Comb hair
But, this can change based on reinforcement or
punishment
Flex muscles
7
Activity
  • Create your own habit hierarchy for being in the
    classroom
  • List Top 5 habits
  • Why do you think these are the top 5?
  • How do you think we could change these?

8
  • In order to learn -- John (an organism) must
  • 1) Want something (a woman)
  • 2) Notice something (perceive the woman)
  • 3) Do something (talk to the woman)
  • 4) Get something (a smile)

9
Note
  • This is already different than behaviorism
  • Dollard and Miller
  • Motivation (want something)
  • Perception (notice something)

10
Note
  • This is already different than behaviorism
  • Behaviorism
  • Learning changes behavior
  • Dollard and Miller
  • Learning changes the HH
  • HH is a non-observable psychological entity

11
What do you want?
  • Drives
  • A psychological tension that feels good when it
    is reduced.

Need
Drive
12
Drives
  • Primary Drives
  • Biologically built-in drives
  • Food, water, sex, avoid pain, etc.
  • Secondary Drives
  • Psychologically based
  • Love, prestige, money, power, etc.
  • Learned by being paired with primary drives

13
Imagine
John asks the Charlie's Angels out on a date
John gets rejected!
Is upset so he goes riding with Ponch
Arrests a person for no reason at all!
14
Why?
  • Freud
  • Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
  • Natural reaction for any person (or animal) to
    being blocked from a goal, will be the urge to
    lash out or injure.
  • The more important the goal, the greater will be
    the aggressive impulse

15
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
  • Different than Freud
  • No ID is needed (or ego)
  • Same as Freud
  • Displacement
  • e.g., riots
  • Sublimation (can be constructive)

16
(No Transcript)
17
What is fun?
The story about me in the book
18
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • Conflict between desire and fear
  • Changes over time

19
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 1) An increase in drive strength will increase
    the tendency to approach or avoid a goal

VS.
If John wants to relieve a drive more than Ponch,
John will also want the goal more!
20
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 2) Whenever there are two competing responses,
    the stronger one (the one with the greater drive)
    will win out.

Drive Companionship
Drive Avoid rejection
21
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal
    increases the closer the one is to the goal

John sees the Angels across the room
John talks to them
John asks them back to his place
22
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal
    increases the closer the one is to the goal

23
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 4) The tendency to avoid a negative goal also
    increases the closer one is to the goal

John sees the Angels across the room
John talks to them
John asks them back to his place
24
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
25
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
26
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
27
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
28
Group Activity
  • Have you ever had something in the future that
    you were both looking forward to and dreading?
  • Did your feelings about it change over time in
    the way Dollard and Miller describe?

29
Defense Mechanisms
  • Freuds explanation
  • Dollard and Miller
  • Negative Reinforcement
  • A reward that consists of the withdrawal of
    aversive stimuli

30
Defense Mechanisms
  • Negative Reinforcement
  • Any stopping of pain or anxiety is negatively
    reinforcing
  • The behavior that occurred before such cessation
    will become more likely

Put your hand in the fire!
31
Defense Mechanisms
  • Dollard and Miller
  • DM are cognitive behaviors that are negatively
    reinforced because they remove anxiety

32
Defense Mechanism
  • Denial
  • Repression
  • Reaction Formation
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • Intellectualization

33
Defense Mechanisms
  • Freud vs. Dollard and Miller
  • Freud was right . . . . Perhaps too complicated
  • Principle of Parsimony

34
(No Transcript)
35
Rotters Social Learning Theory
36
Markey's Casino
37
Blamoooooo
All games cost 10
Jackpot 100
Jackpot 1,000
Odds .000001
Odds 50
38
Rotter
  • Behaviorism would predict you would go for the
    biggest reward
  • However, your beliefs (i.e., expectancies) are
    also important!
  • Expectancy Value Theory

39
Elements
  • Behavior Potential (BP)
  • The probability that you will perform the
    behavior in question
  • Higher the BP, more likely you will do it!

40
Elements
  • Expectancy (E)
  • A persons belief about how likely a behavior will
    bring about a goal

41
Expectancy
  • If you ask a person out will they say yes?
  • If you think so
  • Asking out has high expectancy
  • If you do not think so
  • Asking out has low expectancy

42
Expectancy
  • It is a belief
  • Objective odds matter less then subjective odds
  • Lottery!

43
Expectancy
  • Specific (E)
  • Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time
  • If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say
    yes?

44
Questionnaire
  • LC questionnaire

45
Expectancy
  • Specific (E)
  • Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time
  • If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say
    yes?
  • General (GE)
  • Belief if anything a person does is likely to
    make a difference
  • Nothing I do is going to matter anyway why
    bother asking Batman or anyone out!

46
Expectancy
  • General Expectancy
  • Like a trait
  • High GE (Internal locus of control)
  • Energetic, highly motivated
  • Low GE (External locus of control)
  • Depressed, low motivation

47
Expectancy
  • Both E and GE are important

E Expectancy for a behavior to bring about a
reward GE General expectancy E Specific
expectancy for the behavior N number of times
you have been in this situation
48
Elements
  • Reinforcement Value (RV)
  • The subjective benefit of a reward
  • How much do you really care about the outcome?

49
Reinforcement Value
  • How much do you care about getting that date?
  • How much do you care if you are rejected?
  • How much do you care about doing school work
    instead?
  • Note RV is a relative term!

50
Putting it all together
  • How do you predict BP?

51
Putting it all together
  • How do you predict BP?
  • Psychological Situation
  • These values change as a result of the situation

52
Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 GOOD GRADES E
.50 Dance FUN E .30 GOOD GRADES E .01
RV Fun .30 Good Grades .90
53
Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 BP .003 GOOD GRADES E
.50 BP .45 Dance FUN E .30 BP
.009 GOOD GRADES E .01 BP .003
RV Fun .30 Good Grades .90
54
Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 GOOD GRADES E
.20 Dance FUN E .80 GOOD GRADES E .001
RV Fun .95 Good Grades .05
55
Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 BP .009 GOOD GRADES E
.20 BP .01 Dance FUN E .80 BP .72 GOOD
GRADES E .01 BP .009
RV Fun .95 Good Grades .05
56
Imagine
  • High RV
  • Low E
  • What might happen?

57
John wants a date really bad! Doesnt think he
can get one.
58
Maladjustment
Excessive time spent fantasizing Failure to
develop social relationships Failure to develop
social skills Self-fulfilling prophecy
59
Imagine
  • Two behaviors have high RV?
  • What might happen?

60
John wants to dedicate his life to the
ladies! John wants to dedicate his life to
police work!
61
Maladjustment
Feel conflict Erratic and unpredictable
behavior Neither may be accomplished
62
Therapy
  • Focuses on the conscious and rational mind
  • 1) What can you do?
  • 2) What do you want?
  • Importance of minimal goal level
  • Importance of prioritizing desires
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com