Immigration

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Immigration

• 1880 - 1920

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Old Immigrants 1800 - 1880

• 10 million
• Came from Northern and Western Europe
• U.K. Netherlands, German States, Sweden, Norway
• Protestant Christians
• Came to U.S. to have a voice in government,
  escape political turmoil, for religious freedom
• Irish came to escape poverty and starvation

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Old Immigrants cont

• Chinese arrive in 1840 - 1850, 25,000 seeking
  gold
• Later build railroads, found employment as
  farmers, miners, domestic servants

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New Immigrants 1880 - 1910

• 18 million
• Came from Southern and Eastern Europe
• Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish,
  Russian, Slovak
• Roman Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Jews, Arab,
  Armenian
• Majority came to seek religious freedom
• Some came because of poverty, and economic
  opportunities

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Trip to America

• 1st approved by ships captain
• Had to have 30 cash
• Paperwork stating they were never in prison,
  poorhouse, or mental institution
• Medical Exam
• Most traveled in steerage

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Ellis Island

• Located New York harbor
• 20 of people entering Island were detained and
  questioned further.
• 2 of those entering were sent home
• Sent away because of crimes, health, literacy, or
  money
• From 1892-1924 17 million people passed through
  Ellis Island

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Angel Island

• Located In San Francisco Bay
• Not as nice as Ellis Island and rules were more
  strict, conditions were less sanitary, and people
  less friendly
• 1910-1940 50,000 immigrants entered the U.S.

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Sticking together

• Immigrants flock to communities where their
  culture is represented
• Settled for low paying jobs
• Form churches
• Benevolent societies created to helped immigrants
  obtain jobs, health care, or education.

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Nativists

• Nativism overt favoritism toward native-born
  Americans.
• They want them to go back because they take jobs
  from native born Americans

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Nativists continued

• Restriction League Stated people from British,
  German and Scandinavia were acceptable.
• Stated people from Slav, Latin, and Asia were
  unacceptable.
• Stated that Protestant was the superior religion
  and Roman Catholic and Jewish people were
  corrupting America.

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Nativists organize

• Denis Kearney in 1870 starts the Workingmens
  Party
• Unemployed workers organize to not allow Chinese
  immigrants to work in California
• California state constitution in 1879 prohibited
  Chinese from holding a state job
• And Chinese could be banned from communities and
  districts

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Hatred of Foreigners

• Anti-Asian Sentiment formed because they would
  work for lower wages.
• Chinese Exclusion Act Act banned entry to all
  Chinese except students, teacher and merchants,
  tourists, and government officials. 1882 starts
  and ends in 1942.

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Japanese limitations

• Gentlemens Agreement Japanese agreed to limit
  immigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in
  exchange for the repeal of the below Act.
• San Francisco Segregation Act all Japanese
  students were put in their own schools.

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New Tests

• 1917 Congress passes a literacy test act.
• All immigrants must pass a literacy test before
  entering the U.S.

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Being Accepted

• Americanization movement Citizens
  and government want immigrants to learn English,
  American History, Government, Cooking, and Social
  Etiquette.

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New Make-up of U.S.

• Melting Pot a mixture of people of different
  cultures and races who blended together by
  abandoning their native languages and cultures.
• Many Immigrants did not want to give up their
  cultures to fit in.

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Change in Cities

• Elisha Otis - Builds the safety elevator

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Urban Problem

• Tenements multifamily urban dwellings.
• Mass Transit trains, street cars cities could
  not keep them repaired.
• Safe drinking water was a problem
• Few buildings had indoor plumbing.
• Bad Sanitation
• High Crime
• Fires

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Reform

• Social Gospel Movement salvation through service
  to the poor.
• Formed settlement houses or homes for the poor.
• Run by middle-class college educated women.

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Jane Addams

• Hull House 1889 in Chicago.
• 1910 400 settlement houses were across the
  country.

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Political Machine

• Organized group that controlled the activities of
  a political party.
• Offered services to voters and businesses in
  exchange for financial and political support.

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Political Machine
City Boss
Control of Political Candidate Or Political
Party

Ward Boss
Local Prescient Workers
Immigrant Voters Fuel the Political Machine
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Political Machine Parts

• Top Level City boss was at the top controlled
  the activities of the political party in a city.
• Middle Level Ward boss gain votes by providing
  services.
• Bottom Level local precinct workers and
  captains who tried to gain voters support on a
  city block or neighborhood and reported to a ward
  boss.

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Parts continued

• 3 levels worked together to elect their
  candidates Political Candidate and guarantee
  the success of their machine.
• Bosses could gain money and power.
• Immigrants were granted help with citizenship in
  exchange for votes.

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Ways to use the machine

• Graft illegal use of political influence for
  personal gain
• Workers would bill the city for more than the
  actual cost of the job and the leaders would get
  a kick back.

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Boss Tweed

• William M. Tweed
• Head of Political Machine named Tammany
  Hall, New York City
• Democratic party

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Tweed Scandal

• Build New York Courthouse for 13 million but it
  only cost 3 million.
• Tweed and his men got the other 10 million
• Bribed Politicians, Judges, Police, and Citizens

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Thomas Nast

• A political cartoonist for Harpers Weekly
  newspaper broke the story of Tweeds corruption.

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Tweed Scandal

• Tweed offered Nast 5 million not to publish the
  corrupting material.
• Offered 500,000 to stop printing political
  cartoons against him.
• 1871 Tweed is charged with 120 counts of fraud
  and extortion.
• Sentenced to 12 years, got out in 1.
• Sentenced to a second but escaped.
• Captured in Spain in 1878 and died in jail.

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Job Allocation

• Patronage giving of government jobs to people
  who had helped a candidate get elected.
• Civil Service jobs should go to the most
  qualified person.
• Pendleton Civil Service Act a commission is set
  up to give out federal jobs to those who are best
  qualified.

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Grant Scandals

• Crédit Mobilier construction company set up by
  Union Pacific Railroad
• It was to build part of the Transcontinental RR
• They charged 23 Mil more than necessary
• Gave stock to members of congress and the Vice
  Pres Schuyler Colfax

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Presidential Reform

• Rutherford B. Hayes went though New York and
  fired corrupt customhouse workers.
• Executive order issued stating government
  employees could not manage political parties or
  campaigns.
• Roscoe Conkling a New York Senator hated this and
  organized his group the Stalwarts to help find a
  new president in 1880.

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Presidential Reform Cont.

• James A. Garfield is the Republican nominee and
  Chester A. Arthur is his Vice Pres, a Conkling
  supporter.
• July 2 1881 President Garfield is shot by Charles
  Guiteau, and dies September 19th.
• Chester A. Arthur changes and starts to Reform.

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Populist Party

• Party for the People
• Called for income tax
• Bank Regulation
• Government ownership of the RR and telegraph
  companies
• Free unlimited coinage of silver
• Bimetallism use of gold and silver to back
  paper money.

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Farmers

• Farmers prices for crops were falling
• Farmers barrow money to buy new equipment to
  plant more
• Prices drop further because of over production
• Farmers also pay large rates to RR to ship goods
• Causing farmers to not pay back loans

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National Grange

• Farmers organize to help each other
• 1st organization was the Order of Patrons of
  Husbandry or National Grange
• Oliver Hudson Kelly in 1867
• Fought against RR high rates

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Farmers Alliance

• Lobbied for banking reform and regulation of RR
  rates
• Helped farmers buy equipment
• Helped farmers sell goods at market
• Wanted government to print more money thought
  more money would inflate the price of goods

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Laws

• Munn v. Illinois state legislatures did have
  the right to regulate businesses that involved
  the public interest
• Wabash v. Illinois federal government had power
  to regulate RR traffic moving across state
  boundaries
• Interstate Commerce Act 1887 made railroad rates
  fair for all customers also created the ICC to
  enforce the laws

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Panic of 1893

• RR companies failed
• Investors pull out of stock market and businesses
  collapsed
• 3 million people lost jobs
• Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 required
  U.S. to pay for silver with paper money
  redeemable in either gold or silver. New silver
  is found making silver worthless

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Election of 1896

• William Jennings Bryan Dem/Populist
• William McKinley Rep
• Bryan wanted unlimited coinage of silver to put
  more money in circulation.
• McKinley wanted only paper money backed by gold.

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Election of 1896

• William McKinley wins
• The Gold Standard would allow only as much money
  in circulation as gold in the treasury to back it
  up
• Reduced the number of paper dollars in circulation

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Segregation

• Poll Tax Pay to vote and pass a literacy test
• Grandfather Clause men could vote if their
  father or grandfather had been eligible to vote
  before Jan 1, 1867.
• Jim Crow Laws laws to enforce segregation in
  the south which created separate facilities for
  blacks and whites.
• Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 Native American
  citizenship

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Segregation

• Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal is
  legal
• Racial etiquette blacks were supposed to know
  their place and defer to whites in every
  encounter.
• Lynching racial hanging or murder
• Debt peonage workers were tied to their jobs
  until they could pay off their debts.

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Black Leaders

• Booker T. Washington
• Created Tuskegee Institute in Alabama technical
  school
• Thought blacks would prosper through farming and
  vocational skills

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Black Leaders

• W.E.B. Du Bois
• Created NAACP
• Harvard trained
• Niagara Movement protested discrimination
• Though blacks should be well educated
• Blacks should be uplifted by their most educated
  leaders