Biodiesel:

1
Biodiesel A Healthy And Flexible Alternative
to Petroleum Diesel
2
Biodiesel A General Definition

• Biodiesel is not raw vegetable oil. It is
  produced by a chemical process that removes
  glycerin from the oil.
• Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for
  diesel engines derived from natural oils such as
  soybean oil or recycled cooking oil that meets
  the specifications of ASTM D 6751.
• Biodiesel is registered with the U.S. EPA as a
  legal fuel and has completed rigorous Tier I and
  Tier II Health Effects Testing.
• Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with
  petroleum-based diesel fuel in existing diesel
  engines with little or no modification.

3
Biodiesel Production

• 100 lbs. of soybean oil
• 10 lbs. methanol
• 100 lbs. soy biodiesel (B100)
• 10 lbs. of glycerin

4
Describing Biodiesel Blends

• B100 100 Biodiesel
• B20 80 Petroleum Diesel / 20 Biodiesel
• 1500 gallons B100 6000 gallons petroleum B20
  Transport Load
• B5 95 Petroleum Diesel / 5 Biodiesel

5
Biodiesel is a simple and effective alternative
to Petroleum Diesel

• Reduces harmful emissions
• Runs in diesel engines with
• no modifications.
• Uses existing fueling
• infrastructure.
• Meets Federal Standards
• Reduces petroleum dependence.

6
How Does Biodiesel Perform Compared to Petroleum
Diesel Fuel?

• High Cetane (gt50 vs. 42)
• Comparable BTU content
• (120,000 BTU/gal vs. 126,000)
• High lubricity (gt 6000g vs 3100g SLBOCLE)
• Readily mixes with diesel
• Flashpoint exceeds 300 F

7
OEM Warranty
8
OEM Warranty (cont.)
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What Is Driving the Switch to Biodiesel?
10
Why Biofuels Matter - The Distillate Gap
11
Diesel Exhaust and Health

• Diesel Exhaust contains fine matter called
  Particulate Matter (PM) and other air toxics that
  negatively impact health
• Children in and around school buses can be
  exposed to particulate concentrations that are 5
  to 15 times higher than background levels
• Exposure to PM is associated with aggravated
  conditions of asthma and bronchitis in developing
  lungs.
• EPA has identified diesel exhaust as a probable
  human carcinogen.

12
Public Reaction
13
What to do with what we have?
Diesel Power is THE prime mover for school buses.
14
Public Health Risk Reduction

• Lovelace Research Institute 211(b) test results
• NO pronounced toxicity at any level (B100)
• NO mortality or clinical abnormality
• NO neurotoxic or internal pathologic response
• NO adverse effect on fertility and reproductive
  systems
• Corroboration of Tier I findings concerning
  decreased mutagenicity activity in living
  organisms

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0
2
4
6
8
10
Tier I Health Effects Data supplied by SWRI,
1997-8
16
Emissions Reductions

•   B20 emissions reductions compared to petroleum
  diesel
• Carbon monoxide -20
• Unburned hydrocarbons -30
• Particulate matter -22
• Sulfates -20
• NPAH -50
• Mutagenicity -20

17
US EPA 2006 ULSD Rule

• How sulfur is removed from diesel fuel impacts
  its lubricity (hydrotreating)
• Hydrotreating required to achieve the EPA
  mandated 15 ppm level for sulfur in on-road
  diesel fuel will cause a further reduction in the
  lubricity of the fuel (sulfur is known to
  poison the after-treatment devices required in
  2007)
• B100 is a sulfur-free fuel
• Results of extensive testing (Stanadyne
  Automotive Corp.) have shown that low-levels of
  biodiesel (1-2) provide the needed lubricity for
  use with ULSD
• Fuel Injection Equipment manufacturers have an
  adopted limit of 460 micron wear scar diameter
  (WSD) lower WSD better

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Enhanced Lubricity

• B2 has approx. 60 more lubricity than 2 Diesel

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Federal Biodiesel Tax Credit

• The new law took effect Jan. 1, 2005.
• Creates a tax credit for biodiesel
• 1 per gallon tax credit for each gallon of pure
  biodiesel made from virgin oils derived from
  agricultural products and animal fats
• .50 per gallon tax credit for each gallon of
  pure biodiesel made from other oils
• All taxable gallons allow the credit to be
  claimed in both taxable and tax-exempt markets
• Tax-exempt fleet fuel programs
• Off-road diesel markets (dyed diesel)
• Heating oil, Boiler Fuel, Power Generation
• Streamlines the use of biodiesel at the terminal
  rack
• The tax structure and credit will encourage
  petroleum blenders to blend biodiesel as far
  upstream as possible, which under the RFS or
  Minnesotas 2 volume requirement will allow more
  biodiesel to be used in the marketplace

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Who is using biodiesel?
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WWW.WORLDENERGY.NET

• Southern U.S.
• 410 Pierce Street
• Houston, TX 77002
• Tel [phone]
• martinb_at_worldenergy.net