N.S. Lecture 3

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N.S. Lecture 3 Biochemistry is broken up into 3
parts - this is part 3b
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Hemoglobin carries oxygen
Antibodies fight disease
PROTEINS PROVIDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
TO LIFE
Fibers clot blood
Fibers gives cells shape
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Some foods high in protein
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Proteins are polymers made-up of monomers called
amino acids.
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Protein (polymer) all
blue circles linked together
Amino acid (monomer) each individual
blue circle
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Proteins
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Amino Acids
Dipeptide
Polypeptide or Protein
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• SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AMINO ACIDS
• 20 different amino acids
• Each amino acid has a different structure
• Each amino acid is like a letter in the alphabet
• Each letter (amino acid) can be linked with any
  other letter, in any order, for any length, to
  make an infinite number of words (proteins)
• In English only certain combinations of letters
  (amino acids) form words (proteins) with meaning.
• In living things the proteins (words) determine
  everything about structure and function of life
  (language).
• Only certain combinations of amino acids produce
  proteins that have meaning in a specific living
  thing.

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Alphabet (26 letters) A B C D
E F ...Z Amino Acids (20
different one) AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5
AA6.AA20 Words (sentence with 35
letters) I hope that you get an A grade in
Natural Science 100 Proteins (hemoglobin with
400 amino acids) AA3-AA2-AA4-AA6-AA1-AA1--AA400
amino acids (some used more than once)
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Amino Acids
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Z
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These 26 letters can be put together in any order
for any length to form an infinite number of
words. Only a finite number of the possible words
have meaning in the English language
JXTRETZ
Letters of alphabet assembled for Spanish text
have no meaning in English
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Human DNA
20 different Amino Acids
Human DNA assembles human proteins
Dog DNA assembles dog proteins
Dog DNA
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These 20 different amino acids are analogous to
an alphabet with 20 letters Each letter can be
put together in any order, for any length to form
an infinite number of proteins (words)
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Hemoglobin is a protein (like a word) composed of
almost 400 amino acids (like letters)
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How do amino acids link to each other?
Any car can be linked to any other car in any
order for any length
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Dipeptide (dimer) formation
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Amino acid A (Monomer A)
Amino Acid B (Monomer B)
OH HO
Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting)
HOH
(Monomer A)
(Monomer B)
Monomer A
O
Dipeptide (dimer two monomers)
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Amino acids (like letters)
Green part varies in each amino acid
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Building more complex R groups is like adding
additional parts to the letter I to form the
letters L, P, B, D, or T.
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L
P
I
B
T
D
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Elephant
x
Letters spell word (protein) that means
Elephant Changing e for x does not spell a
word that means Elephant (or anything else)
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Normal structure normal function
Two amino acids are replaced protein structure
and function changes
Abnormal structure abnormal function
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Hemoglobin is polypeptide made of almost 400
amino acids.
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Normal RBC
Amino acid substitutions that have been found
Sickle RBC
Amino acid substitutions that result in a disease
Amino acid substitutions resulting sickle cell
anemia
Amino acid substitution (mutation) in hemoglobin
results in sickle cell anemia
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HIV
HIV
ProteinProtein match up during infection
White blood cell
HIV (red dots) attacking white blood cell
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Mad Cow Disease a infectious protein called a
prion destroys the brain tissue of cows. Cows
are destroyed because prion is known to jump
species from cows to humans
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Cows dead from mad cow in 1997
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Neurological changes in brain tissue caused by
prions
Normal brain tissue (solid)
Prion brain tissue (holes)
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Plants Make all amino
acids no essential
amino acids
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Animals make some amino
acids
cannot make some amino acids
called essential amino acids
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Green plants
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Photosynthesis
All amino acids
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Animals must eat plants or other animals to
acquire specific essential amino acids
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Muscles and brains allow animals to acquire food
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Biologically Important Organic Molecules Hydrocarb
ons Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) Carbohydrates C,
H, Oxygen (O) Proteins C, H, O, Nitrogen (N),
Sulfur(S) Lipids C, H, O Nucleic Acids C, H,
O, N, Phosphorous (P)
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Lipids
Fat storage cells
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Fatty acid
glycerol
Lipids (fats) polymers made of monomers called
fatty acids and glycerol
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1
2
3
A triglyceride 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol
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Unsaturated carboncarbon bond
Saturated carbon-carbon bond
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saturated
unsaturated
Be able to recognize saturated vs. unsaturated
fatty acids
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