Biochemistry Organic Compounds

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BiochemistryOrganic Compounds
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What are organic compounds?

• Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other
  atoms and determine structure/function of living
  things
• Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and
  hydrogen together (salt)
• ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN CARBON.

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Organic Compounds

• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
  and Sulfur are found in all living things
• CHONPS

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Monomers and Polymers

• Monomers building blocks (units)
• Polymers a larger molecule made of monomers
• Analogy Example-
• If a brick house is the
• polymer, what is the
• monomer?
• _________________
• Monomers link together to form polymers.
• MONO means one. POLY means many.

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Four types of Organic Compounds

• Organic Compounds fall into four categories
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Protein
• Nucleic Acids
• Organic Compounds are also known as
  MACROMOLECULES (macro means BIG)

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1. Carbohydrates

• monosaccharides monomers of simple ring sugars,
  glucose and fructose
• disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined,
  sucrose and lactose
• polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of
  repeating units) of monosaccharides, starch
  (plant energy storage) and glycogen (animal
  energy storage)

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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides as Structural Molecules
• Cellulose - glucose bonded to form "fibers",
  composes cell walls in plants (cotton is almost
  pure cellulose) not easily digested
• Chitin - polymer of glucose, makes up
  exoskeletons of insects and arthropods such as
  scorpions and crabs.

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Carbohydrates

• Find the monosaccharide, disaccharide, and
  polysaccharide

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Carbohydrates

• CARBO-(carbon)-HYDR-(hydrogen)-ATE (oxygen)
• Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen
  and oxygen in a 121 ratio.
• Example- glucose
• C6H12O6

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2. Lipids

• Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) (Oil and water
  dont mix)
• Used for insulation and long term energy storage
  (Fat)
• Waxes mainly used for covering and protection
• Phospholipids - Important structural component of
  the cell membrane
• Steroids - cholesterol sex hormones (estrogen
  testosterone)

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Lipids

• Fats Oils are made of subunits glycerol and
  fatty acids

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Lipids

• Lipids REPEL water.
• Plants have a waxy layer made
• of lipids on their leaves
• (helps keep water in).
• Many aquatic birds have a waxy lipid layer on
  their feathers (repel water to keep feathers
  dry).
• Fat is a lipid- we use it to store excess energy.

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Lipids

• Phospholipids found in cell membrane.
• They make sure the cell cant
  disintegrate in water (maintain
  the cells integrity).

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Lipids

• Fats can be saturated or unsaturated.
• Saturated fats contain no double bonds,
  unsaturated have double bonds that kink the
  molecule
• Saturated fats solidify at room temperature
  unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

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Lipids- Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at
room temperature (the S rule!)
Unsaturated fats have double bonds, which create
kinks (makes them loose and bendy). They are
liquid at room temperature.
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Saturated or Unsaturated?
________________________ ___________________
______ (contains single bonds) (contains
double bonds)
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3. Proteins

• Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by
  peptide bonds  - proteins are also called
  polypeptides
• Amino acids form a wide variety of structures,
  mainly building blocks for living tissue
• Support   Enzymes Transport Defense
  Hormones Motion
• Amino Acids are the building blocks (monomers) of
  proteins!

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Proteins

• There are thousands of proteins- but only 20
  different amino acids.
• Think of it as if you had to make one thousand
  different sweaters with only 20 different colors
  of yarn. How would you do that?

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Proteins
The function of the protein has everything to do
with the SHAPE of the protein. There are many
different ways that proteins can fold in order to
make different shapes- protein folding is very
complex!
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4. Nucleic Acids

• Polymers made of individual nucleotides
• Contain genetic Information
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic
  acid)
• (Nucleotides are the monomers).

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Nucleic Acids

•    Each nucleotide consists of
• 1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2.  A
  phosphate3.  A nitrogen base            -
  adenine            - thymine            -
  guanine            - cytosine            -
  uracil (in RNA)

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Nucleic Acids

• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy
  molecule that contains three phosphate bonds that
  are easily broken to release energy (this energy
  drives the reactions in our bodies)
• ATP is an RNA nucleotide with two extra
  phosphates- does not contain genetic information.
  ATP STORES ENERGY.

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• Polymers are large molecules made up of smaller
  units called _____________.
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, __________
  and _____________ are the six elements found in
  all living things.
• Material that is organic contains ___________.
• The four organic compounds are carbohydrates,
  ____________, proteins, and ________________.
• Carbohydrates are divided into three classes
  monosaccharides, ______________, and
  _______-_______________.
• If a molecule known to be a carbohydrate has 6
  carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms, how many
  oxygen atoms must it have? ________

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1. Fats, steroids, and waxes are which type of
   organic compound? _____________
2. _____________ fats are fats that contain double
   bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms (CH)
3. _____________ fats contain single bonds (C-H) and
   are solid at room temperature.
4. Another word for protein is ________________.
5. Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called
   __________ ________.
6. Nucleic acids are made up of 3 main parts sugar,
   phosphate, and ________________.
7. ATP is a type of nucleic acid that stores
   _________.

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