PROPERTIES

1
PROPERTIES

• CHARACTERISTICS
• USED TO DESCRIBE AND IDENTIFY MATTER

2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• CAN BE OBSERVED WITHOUT CHANGING THE SUBSTANCE
• QUALITATIVE EXAMPLES COLOR AND ODOR
• QUANTITATIVE EXAMPLES MASS, BOILING POINT,
  DENSITY

3
STATE

• PHYSICAL PROPERTY DESCRIBING PHYSICAL FORM
• SOLID, LIQUID, AND GAS

4
STATES OF MATTER

• SOLID HAS DEFINITE VOLUME AND SHAPE (PARTICLES
  CANT MOVE MUCH)
• LIQUID HAS DEFINITE VOLUME BUT NO DEFINITE
  SHAPE (PARTICLES HAVE LIMITED MOTION)
• GAS HAS NO DEFINITE VOLUME OR SHAPE (PARTICLES
  HAVE LOTS OF MOTION)

5
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

• DESCRIBES HOW A SUBSTANCE BEHAVES IN THE PRESENCE
  OF ANOTHER SUBSTANCE
• SODIUM REACTS WITH WATER
• IRON DOES NOT REACT WITH NITROGEN
• ACETONE IS FLAMMABLE

6
TYPES OF PROPERTIES

• INTENSIVE INDEPENDENT OF AMOUNT (QUANTITY)
• EXTENSIVE DEPENDENT ON AMOUNT (QUANTITY)

7
INTENSIVE EXAMPLES

• COLOR
• BOILING POINT
• MELTING POINT
• ODOR

8
EXTENSIVE EXAMPLES

• MASS
• WEIGHT
• SURFACE AREA
• VOLUME

9
EVERY PROPERTY CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS INTENSIVE OR
EXTENSIVE, AND AS CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL
10
PHYSICAL CHANGE

• IS A CHANGE THAT ONLY AFFECTS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• DOES NOT AFFECT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (IS NOT A
  CHEMICAL REACTION)
• EX. MELTING OF ICE, CRUSHING A CAN

11
CHEMICAL CHANGE

• IS A CHANGE THAT RESULTS IN AT LEAST ONE NEW
  SUBSTANCE FORMED BY REARRANGING ATOMS
• IS A CHEMICAL REACTION
• EX. RUSTING, BURNING

12
EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

• BUBBLES/GAS
• ODOR CHANGE
• COLOR CHANGE (SOMETIMES)
• HOT OR COLD (W/O HEATING OR COOLING)
• LOSS OF MAGNETISM
• APPEARANCE OF NEW SUBSTANCE
• CHANGE IN MASS

13
EXOTHERMIC

• ENERGY GIVEN OFF
• HEAT, LIGHT, SOUND
• FEELS HOT

14
ENDOTHERMIC

• ENERGY ABSORBED
• FEELS COLD

15
SUBLIMATION

• CHANGING FROM SOLID TO GAS WITHOUT MELTING
• EXAMPLE - DRY ICE

16
DEPOSITION

• CHANGING FROM GAS TO SOLID WITHOUT CONDENSING
• EXAMPLE - SNOW

17
CHANGES OF STATE
18
HOMOGENEOUS MATTER

• MEANS SAME THROUGHOUT (EVENLY MIXED)
• ELEMENTS
• COMPOUNDS
• MIXTURES CALLED SOLUTIONS

19
HETEROGENEOUS MATTER

• MEANS NOT THE SAME THROUGHOUT
• OJ W/ PULP
• ICE WATER
• ROCKS
• HUMANS

20
PURE SUBSTANCE

• MATTER THAT HAS A UNIQUE SET OF PROPERTIES
• INCLUDES ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

21
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL SUBSTANCES

• HOMOGENEOUS
• DEFINITE COMPOSITION (PARTS HAVE SAME RATIO)
• MAKEUP ONLY CHANGED BY CHEMICAL REACTION
• PROPERTIES DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF PARTS

22
EXAMPLE PURE SUBSTANCE

• WHAT SUBSTANCE IS CLEAR, LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP,
  BOILS AT 100?C, FREEZES AT 0?C?
• WHAT SUBSTANCE IS WHITE, CUBE SHAPED, BRITTLE,
  AND MELTS ICE?

23
MIXTURE

• 2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES PUT TOGETHER WITHOUT A
  CHEMICAL REACTION

24
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL MIXTURES

• SOME ARE HOMOGENEOUS WHILE OTHERS ARE
  HETEROGENEOUS
• PARTS MAY HAVE VARIOUS RATIOS
• MAKEUP CHANGED WITHOUT CHEMICAL REACTION
• PROPERTIES SAME AS THOSE OF PARTS

25
SOLUTION

• HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES
• DOES NOT SETTLE OUT

26
PARTS OF A SOLUTION

• SOLUTE DISSOLVED SUBSTANCE
• SOLVENT SUBSTANCE IN WHICH THE SOLUTE IS
  DISSOLVED

27
EXAMPLE SOLUTIONS

• AIR
• SALTWATER
• VINEGAR
• SODA
• BRASS

28
ALLOYS

• SOLID SOLUTIONS OF METALS

29
AQUEOUS SOLUTION

• SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN WATER (WATER IS THE SOLVENT)

30
SEPARATING MIXTURES

• MECHANICAL PICKING
• MAGNETISM
• DISSOLVING
• FILTERING
• BOILING AND DISTILLING
• METHODS OFTEN COMBINED

31
ATOM

• BASIC UNIT OF MATTER
• MADE OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS

32
PARTICLE CHARGES

• PROTON IS POSITIVE
• ELECTRON IS NEGATIVE
• NEUTRON IS NEUTRAL

33
CHEMICAL BONDS

• FORM AS REACTIONS OCCUR
• BONDS ARE SHARING OR TRANSFERRING ELECTRONS

34
ELEMENT

• SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
  ANYTHING SIMPLER BY A CHEMICAL REACTION
• ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM
• 113 KNOWN ELEMENTS

35
ATOMIC NUMBER

• NUMBER OF PROTONS
• UNBONDED ATOMS HAVE SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS
  PROTONS (THEY ARE NEUTRAL)

36
PERIODIC TABLE

• SHOWS NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF ALL ELEMENTS IN ORDER
  OF ATOMIC NUMBER
• METALS ON LEFT SIDE OF STAIRSTEPS
• NONMETALS ON RIGHT
• SEMIMETALS (METALLOIDS) ALONG STAIRS

37
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS

• 1 OR 2 LETTERS
• IF 2 LETTERS, FIRST IS ALWAYS CAPITAL, SECOND ONE
  IS ALWAYS SMALL (LOWER CASE)

38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
HISTORIC SYMBOLS
41
FORMS OF ELEMENTS

• WHEN UNBONDED WITH OTHER (DIFFERENT) ELEMENTS
• MONATOMIC (SINGLE ATOMS)
• DIATOMIC (TWO BONDED ATOMS)
• POLYATOMIC (SEVERAL BONDED ATOMS)

42
DIATOMIC ELEMENTS

• SEVEN DIATOMIC ELEMENTS H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, and
  I
• HORSES NEED OATS FOR CLEAR BROWN EYES

43
SUBSCRIPTS

• USED TO SHOW HOW MANY ATOMS
• SHOWN AFTER THE SYMBOL
• NO SUBSCRIPT MEANS ONE
• MONATOMIC He, Fe
• DIATOMIC Cl2, H2
• POLYATOMIC P4, S8

44
COMPOUND

• 2 OR MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COMBINED
• EXAMPLES SODIUM CHLORIDE, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE

45
CHEMICAL FORMULA

• CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND SUBSCRIPTS THAT SHOW WHAT IS
  IN A COMPOUND
• EX NaCl, H2O, CO2
• MORE EX Ba(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4

46
COUNTING ATOMS

• SUBSCRIPT REFERS TO ELEMENT IT FOLLOWS
• SUBSCRIPT OUTSIDE PARENTHESES MULTIPLIES ALL
  SUBSCRIPTS INSIDE

47
SEPARATING COMPOUNDS

• REQUIRES A CHEMICAL REACTION