End

1
End Term Evaluation of Community Participation
Unit (CPU) under Aapni Yojna

• Submitted By
• Development Research Services Pvt. Ltd.
• New Delhi

2
Introduction
3
About the Project

• It is an integrated water supply, sanitation and
  health education programme
• Mission- Improve the overall standard of health
  of the population
• Objectives
• Reduction of wastage of water
• Contribution of the community towards cost
  recovery
• To create awareness and responsibility for the
  consumption of water (through Water Health
  Committees)
• To implement the construction of low cost
  sanitation facilities
• To launch women development activities and
  promote family welfare measures
• To implement ad hoc measures to according to a
  particular situation of the village

4
Objectives of the present study

• To assess the effectiveness of the CPU and other
  project partners in changing the lives of the
  beneficiaries in terms of their attitude towards
  health, living conditions, local level
  participation and self-governance
• To recommend, if any, improvement of the approach
  to community mobilization
• To assess the viability of the Aapni Yojna model
  for future projects in Rajasthan and thereby make
  proposals to the policy makers.

5
Methodology
6
Sampling

• 12 village level socio-economic indicators were
  identified from census data
• Scores were allotted to all villages on the basis
  of indicators
• The project and non-project villages were
  arranged in ascending order and villages were
  chosen through Circular Random Sampling
• The non-project villages with similar scores as
  the sampled project villages were selected in a
  similar manner

7
Sampling
Contd..
Project Villages Non-Project Villages Total
Churu 27 27 54
Hanumangarh 13 13 26
Total Villages 40 40 80
Respondents per village 35 35 35
Total Respondents 1400 1400 2800
8
Tools for Data Collection

• Household Interviews
• Project villages
• Non-project villages
• In-Depth Interviews
• WHC members
• CPU staff
• Focused Group Discussions
• Community Members
• Women Group
• Asset Verification

9
Respondent Profile
10
Respondents Profile

• Approximately 89 respondents in project villages
  and 88 respondents in non project villages
  falls in the economically independent age group.
• About one third of the total respondents in
  project villages and 15 in the non-project ones
  were women respondents.
• About 98 of the respondents and in the
  non-project villages about 93 of the respondents
  are Hindus
• Jat (OBCs) forms large proportion of population
  in both project (42) and non project (43)
  villages. The tribal population in the districts
  is very low

11
Respondents Profile

• Close to 90 of the responding households in both
  project and control villages has family size of
  less than 5.
• One fifth of the respondents in both control and
  project villages are BPL card holders.
• 90 of the families in project villages earn less
  than Rs.4000 per month.
• Half of the respondents in project villages and
  two fifth in non-project villages are
  illiterates.
• About 80 respondents in project villages and 75
  in non-project villages are either cultivators or
  agriculture labours.
• Average cattle head in project villages is 3.3
  where is it is 2.9 in control villages.

12
Findings
13
Asset Verification
14
PSP and CWT

• A total of 274 PSPs were visited.
• About 84 of the PSPs had attendants.
• About 80 of the attendants were trained.
• 91 of the PSPs were found to be functional.
• As envisaged on an average 29 families depends on
  one PSP.
• 68 CWTs were visited.
• 82 of the CWTs were functional
• 80 of the CWTs had functional float valves
• 68 of the CWTs had functional gate valves
• 43 of the CWTs had attendants
• 28 of the CWTs were found to be clean.
• One CWTcaters to about 617 cattle heads as
  against 400 envisaged

15
Sanitary Units

• A total of 210 sanitary units were visited.
• All the units had latrines and bathrooms.
• 98 latrines and all the bathrooms were
  functional
• 98 of the latrines had soak pits of which 99
  are functional
• 99 of the families reported that bathrooms are
  used by the whole family
• 94 of the families reported that latrines are
  used by the whole family
• Civil work of all the units are in good
  condition.

16
Water Distribution
17
Water Distribution(Preparation and Operation
stage)

• Little over 53 of the total community members
  participated in the meetings.
• Caste wise distribution shows, higher caste (59)
  participated more as compared to Jats (56), SCs
  and other OBCs (47) and STs (33).
• Over two fifth participated in social mapping
  exercise and little over one fifth received
  community level training.
• Over four fifth participated in census survey,
  selection of WHC members and contributed
  voluntary labour.
• Over 90 pay regularly towards user charges and
  contribute towards repair and maintenance.

18
Water Distribution (Shift in water usage)

• The usage of Kunds is still popular in project
  villages.
• The prominent change in the usage pattern has
  been the shift from hand pumps, individual wells
  and Johads or ponds to AY installed PSPs.
• 97 of the respondents use AY installed PSP for
  all purposes.
• 30 of respondents use Kund water specifically
  for drinking purposes.
• Usage of CWT is a major shift.
• Substantial section of community believes that
  the kund water is healthier than the water of
  Aapni Yojna
• There is some discontent about the taste and
  quality of the water of the Aapni Yojna.

19
Water Distribution (Dependency and Sufficiency)

• 49 of respondents in control villages uses Kund
  water specifically for drinking purposes.
• On which source you depend the most?
• In project villages 95 of the total respondent
  households depend on AY installed PSP and CWT.
• In control villages, more than 90 depend on hand
  pumps and wells.
• Water from which source is sufficient for entire
  year?
• In project villages, more than 88 reported that
  PSP and CWT water.
• In control villages, more than 94 said hand pump
  and 88 said well.

20
Water Distribution(Water Quality)

• Perceived quality of water
• In project villages over 90 of users of PSP said
  water is colour less, 85 said taste is good and
  about 90 said it is odourless.
• Substantial percentage still uses kund water and
  Kunds are considered better than that of the PSPs
  at least in terms of the taste and the smell of
  the water.
• This can be attributed to the fact that the water
  from the Aapni Yojna is chlorinated and treated
  with camphor to reduce the chances of any
  contamination in it.
• However, the taste and the smell of this treated
  water were disliked by the community
• However, in comparison to the PSPs of the PHED,
  the community favours the quality of the AY
  installed PSP in terms colour, taste as well as
  smell.

21
Water Distribution(availability, charges
positive impacts)

• It takes less time to repair the PSP/CWT in
  project villages, as compared to control
  villages.
• Average monthly charge towards usage of water for
  a family and cattle head is Rs.25.
• Convenience(64) and 24X7 water supply (58) has
  been cited as major advantage of AY.
• In control villages also convenience (49) and
  24X7 water supply (42) has been cited as major
  advantage of AY
• In project villages, 45 and 41 respondents feel
  that there has been a decrease in water borne
  diseases and skin infection respectively.
• The average time for water collection has come
  down to 10 minutes per family per day as compared
  to 48 minutes per family per day in pre-project
  scenario.

22
Sanitation
23
Sanitation

• About 58 of the families have permanent sanitary
  units
• Of these about 80 have a complete set i.e.,
  bathroom and toilet.
• About 65 of the households received some kind of
  assistance towards construction of toilets.
• Over one third of the households received partial
  material
• Little over one fourth households received all
  material.
• 79 of the respondents cited convenience as the
  most important reason for building sanitary units

24
Sanitation (Awareness)

• About 35 of respondents reportedly dispose off
  baby faeces in toilets as against 18 in control
  villages.
• About 22 respondents in project villages wash
  their hands with soap after defecation as against
  14 in control villages
• However washing hand with sand is still prevalent
  in project villages (57 of the total
  respondents).
• About 94 of the respondents reported financial
  problems for not having toilets at home in
  control villages.

25
Women Empowerment
26
Women Empowerment (Awareness)

• More than two fifth of the total women members
  were aware of sensitization programme of AY
• More than four fifth has better say in household
  matters now
• Over two fifth contributes towards family income
• Over 70 are able to save time for other
  activities
• However, only 3 are member of WHC and just 9
  are involved in group based economic activities.
  Only 11 of the total women population
  participated in social mapping.

27
Women Empowerment (Participation)

• More number of women members from SC category
  have turned out to be leaders than from the
  higher caste
• The maximum participation for social mapping has
  been from OBC women members.
• In planning stage, participation of women members
  was found to be high in water distribution
  management
• In Implementation and monitoring stage,
  participation was more in fault reporting
• Very low percentage of women members participated
  in construction of sanitary units.

28
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices
29
Knowledge, Attitude Practices

• Containers of drinking water are kept closed in
  both project as well as control villages by over
  97 of the respondents.
• Over 20 respondents from project villages pour
  water from container for drinking as compared to
  just 12 from control villages.
• About 5 respondents from project villages wash
  their hands with soap before cooking as compared
  to just 1 in control villages.
• Washing hands before eating is common practice in
  both project as well as non-project villages.

30
Knowledge, Attitude Practices

• Over one fifth of the project villages
  respondents clip their nails twice a week as
  compared to 14 respondents of control villages.
• However, 12 project villages respondents have no
  fixed frequency as against 6 of control
  villages.
• Over 70 people in the project villages take bath
  everyday as compared to about 40 in the
  non-project villages

31
Perception in Town
32
Perceptions in Towns

• The programme faced initial hiccups in urban
  areas during implementation.
• Population was not adequately covered during
  social mapping exercise in the town.
• No census survey was carried out.
• The elite of the town selected the sites for the
  installation of PSPs under the project.
• Discontent among people regarding duration and
  quality of water supply.

33
Health Impacts
34
Health Impact
Health Impact in Non- Project Villages
Health Impact in Project Villages
35
Village Level Institutions
36
Village Level Institutions(Case Study 1)

• In village Ladam, district Hanumangarh, Mr.
  Vikram Singh refused to pay the water bills. When
  approached by the villagers, he said he would pay
  whenever he feels like doing so. WHC members
  approached court. District court summoned Mr.
  Singh and asked to pay up or else face an
  imprisonment of three and a half months. He
  immediately paid up and has been paying his water
  bills regularly since then. This action had its
  effect on other defaulters too and the WHC did
  not have to face any such problem as of now.

37
Village Level Institutions(Case Study II)

• In village Ojariya of Churu district, during
  summers a relative of one of the villagers, Mr.
  Mahendra (S/o Nirana Ram), who belonged to the
  Jat community, had visited the village with his
  herd of 400 sheep. According to the rules of the
  WHC, if the number of cattle is too large then
  the WHC used to charge at the rate of Rs.25 per
  100 cattle heads. Mr. Mahendra and the visitor
  refused to pay up. The villagers reported to the
  police and police forced the relative of Mr.
  Mahendra to pay the money but Mr. Mahendra got
  agitated and one night he deliberately kept the
  tap of a nearby PSP open resulting in waste of
  water. Another report was filed against Mahendra
  and he had to pay a fine of Rs.551. Since then
  there is no problem in the village.

38
Village Level Institutions (Lessons Learnt)

• WHCs at village level and Pani Panchayat at the
  cluster level requires enough legal support to
  achieve their goals.
• Success of the village level institutions depends
  on necessary support from block/district
  officials
• Community should be empowered enough to cater to
  any malfunctioning of the institutions itself
• Feeling of ownership is important among the
  community to sustain the programme.

39
Sustainability
40
Sustainability

• Project can be termed as sustainable because
• Gram sabhas being held in large number of
  villages
• Census in over 80 of the villages
• Large number of contribution towards voluntary
  labour and regular payments for repair and
  maintenance
• Large number of functional assets
• High dependence on PSPs installed by project
• Close to 90 feel water supplied through project
  installed PSPs is sufficient

41
Sustainability

• Regular payment by the beneficiaries towards use
  of water
• Enhanced knowledge, positive attitude and
  improved practices towards health and hygiene
• Enhanced household income primarily because of
  contribution of women
• Strong village level institutions along with
  empowered community
• The feeling of ownership among the community
  makes the project socially sustainable.
• Sustainability of programme in urban areas
  however, is doubtful.

42
Conclusions
43
Conclusions

• Foundation of first pillar of the programme
  community participation has been strongly laid.
  Community was taken into confidence before that
  launch of project.
• A programme can be sustainable only if there is
  sense of ownership among the community towards
  the assets created. Large number of trained
  attendants and functional assets indicates
  towards this aspect of the programme
• The programme is not only providing safe
  drinking water to parched villages, adequacy of
  the programme can be judged from the fact that
  every PSP caters to about 150 persons which is
  exactly what was envisaged
• However, dependency on cattle water trough is
  serving more than the envisaged number of cattle

44
Conclusions

• The basic advantages of the programme, as felt by
  the community, is 24X7 water supply and the
  availability of consumable water in close
  proximity to the house which saves time as well.
• The water collection time has come down to 9
  minutes per day from 48 minutes per day
• Large number of functional assets speaks about
  technical success of the project
• Hygiene as one of the pillar of the programme has
  brought positive impact on health as 97 of the
  families feel that there has been a positive
  impact on the health due to the intervention.
• Given the socio-cultural fabric of the state,
  programme has achieved its objective of women
  empowerment.

45
Thank You