Energy From Organic Fuels

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Energy From Organic Fuels

• Chapter 15

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15.1 The Need For Energy

• The laws of physics state that energy cannot be
  created or destroyed.
• Light energy from the sun is converted by plants
  into chemical energy. When we eat food, energy
  is converted to heat, mechanical energy.

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• Fuel any substance from which energy can be
  obtained.
• Energy from the sun fuels almost all life on
  Earth.
• Lightning is the only form of electricity found
  in nature.

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Changing Energy Needs

• Modern industrial society uses about 50 times
  more energy per person than the hunter-gatherer
  (Lights, Heat, Cooking) societies did.

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Fuels From Organisms

• Hydrocarbon A compound composed only of carbon
  and hydrogen.
• (Methane CH4, Ethane C2H6, Octane C8H18)

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Naming Hydrocarbons
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Fossil Fuels

• Fossil Fuels
• Fuels derived from the remains of organisms that
  lived long ago.
• The energy is stored within buried cells
  (Animals, Trees, Bones, Plant Roots) of organisms
  is used as a fuel today.
• Petroleum, Coal, and Natural Gas

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15.2 Coal

• Coal formation is
• largely the result
• of sedimentation.
• Coal formation occurs in stages over millions of
  years.
• H O is removed leaving higher concentrations of
  Carbon.
• Higher concentrations of Carbon produces greater
  amounts of energy.

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Coal Deposits
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Peat

• The 1st stage in the formation of Coal.
• Peat Brittle, brown plant material containing a
  great deal of water and a low percentage of
  carbon.
• Large amounts of smoke.
• Peat is not coal yet! ?

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Peat
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Lignite

• The 1st form of true coal.
• Heat and pressure forces water from the peat
  forming lignite.
• Lignite Soft, brown coal composed of about 40
  Carbon.
• Must be mined.

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Lignite
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Bituminous Coal

• Soft coal composed of up to 85 Carbon.
• Most abundant type of coal mined in the US.
• Burns hotter and less smoke than lignite and
  peat.
• Used by Power Plants to produce steam to generate
  electricity.

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Bituminous Coal
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Anthracite Coal

• Metamorphic Rock formed from Bituminous Coal.
• A hard coal composed of up to 95 carbon.
• Shiny black color
• Located deeper in the ground than other coal
  forms.
• Least amount of water, fewest impurities, and
  highest carbon content.
• Most Expensive Least Abundant

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Anthracite Coal
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15.3 Petroleum and Natural Gas

• Petroleum Crude oil, liquid fossil fuel.
• Natural Gas Fossil Fuel in gaseous state.
• Coal - Solid

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Petroleum

• Crude oil is under extreme pressure as a result
  of being trapped under nonporous rocks such as
  shale.

• One of the Worlds most important resources.
• Petroleum Products Gasoline, Diesel, Fuel oil,
  Grease, Asphalt, Nylon, Polyester, and Plastics.

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Natural Gas

• Major components of Natural Gas are Hydrocarbons.
  (Ex. Methane, Ethane, and Propane)
• Natural Gas burns cleaner than Coal and Oil.

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15.4 Other Organic Fuels

• Alternative fuels can solve some but not all of
  the problems associated with fossil fuels.

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Problems With Fossil Fuels

• Availability Fossil Fuels are declining
  (Nonrenewable)
• Pollution Environmental Damage (Oil Spills and
  Habitat destruction)
• Permanent degradation of coastlines are the most
  serious environmental threats associated with
  Fossil Fuel exploration.

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Biomass Fuels

• Fuels that are formed from burning recently
  living organic products.
• Biomass Fuel Fuel formed from the products of
  living organisms.
• Wood, Garbage, Methane, and Alcohol

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Wood

• High concentrations of CO2 and Smoke.
• Damages Forests.

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Garbage

• 66 of garbage can be burned as fuel.
• Trash to Steam Power Plants

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Trash to Steam Plant 1
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Trash to Steam Plant 2
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Trash to Steam Plant 3
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Trash to Steam Plant 4
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Methane

• Family farmers can store animal waste in
  containers and capture natural gas for fuel.
• Swamp gas naturally produced form of methane.
• Methane is being removed from landfills and
  swamps for fuel usage.

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Alcohol

• Using alcohol fermentation converts organic
  material into a fuel. (Ethanol)
• Bioconversion Processing organic material into
  fuel.
• Gasohol is a gasoline-alcohol mixture that is
  being produced by sunflowers and peanuts.

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