Checkpoint Answers

1
Checkpoint Answers

• Test 2
• Chapters 7, 8, 9

2
Checkpoint 1 (7, part 1)

• 1. The brain and spinal cord comprise
  the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral
  nervous system.C. peripheral ganglia.
  D. spinal nerves.
• 2. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies
  located in the CNS.  false
• 3. Sensory neurons A. are multipolar and carry
  impulses toward the CNS.B. are pseudounipolar
  and carry impulses toward the CNS.C. are bipolar
  and carry impulses away from the CNS.D. are
  multipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS.
• 4. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have
  similar functions. true
• 5. Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented by
  inhibitory proteins in the membranes of
  the myelin sheath as well as glial scars. true
• 6. The blood-brain barrier results mostly from
  the action of __________, a type of glial
  cell. A. ependymal cells B. microgliaC. astroc
  ytes D. oligodendrocytes

3
Checkpoint 2 (7, part 1)

• 1. All cells have a membrane potential. true
• 2. What process is needed to return a membrane to
  its resting membrane potential with all ions in
  the correct locations? A. after-hyperpolarization
  B. all-or-none-lawC. Na/K pump D. refractor
  y period
• 3. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more
  permeable to ____K_____ ions than _____Na_____
  ions. 
• 4. The minimum depolarization needed to open Na
  gates is called the _threshold__
• 5. Action potentials would be conducted most
  rapidly by _large__ _myelinated_ axons

4
Checkpoint 3 (7, part 1)

• 1. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that stimulate
  action potentials in postsynaptic cells.
• 2. Electrical synapses are functionally linked by
  tight junctions. (F)
• 3. Neurotransmitter release can be inhibited by
  blocking Ca channels in the postsynaptic cell.
  (F)
• 4. Once an EPSP is created on the postsynaptic
  neuron, a new action potential is produced down
  the axon. (F)

5
Checkpoint 1 (7, part 2)

• 1. The nicotinic Ach receptor is a ligand-gated
  channel. T
• 2. Muscarinic Ach receptors are found in all of
  the following locations EXCEPT A. skeletal
  muscle B. smooth muscleC. cardiac
  muscle D. glands
• 3. Nicotinic receptors utilize G-proteins to
  regulate the opening of ion channels.  F
• 4. Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory
  postsynaptic potential when binding to
  _nicotinic_ receptors and an inhibitory
  postsynaptic potential when binding to some
  _muscarinic_ receptors. 
• 5. Curare is a competitive ACh antagonist at
  _nicotinic_ ACh receptors. 

6
Checkpoint 2 (7, part 2)

• 1. Which of the following is NOT classified as a
  catecholamine? A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine
  C. histamine D. dopamine
• 2. What amino acid are dopamine, norepinephrine,
  and epinephrine derived from?  Tyrosine
• 3. Serotonin is derived from the amino acid
  tryptophan and is an important neurotransmitter. 
  T
• 4. The nigrostriatal dopamine system is located
  in part of the midbrain known as the substantia
  nigra and is degenerated in the disease
  myasthenia gravis.  F
• 5. Which of the following is NOT true of
  norepinephrine? A. released in both the CNS and
  PNSB. released by sympathetic neurons to smooth
  muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandsC. amphetamines
  stimulate norepinephrine pathwaysD. causes
  depression in the CNS

7
Checkpoint 3 (7, part 2)

• 1. Glycine and GABA stimulate opening of Cl-
  channels.  T
• 2. The most common neurotransmitter in the brain
  is A. glycine. B. acetylcholine.C. serotonin.
  D. GABA.
• 3. Endogenous cannabinoids have effects similar
  to the active ingredient in A. cocaine. B. nico
  tine.C. amphetamines. D. marijuana.
• 4. Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels would be
  stimulated by excessive ________
  activity. A. nitric oxide B. AChC. norepinephr
  ine D. glutamate

8
Checkpoint 4 (7, part 2)

• 1. Spatial summation A. occurs when a single
  neuron releases neurotransmitter
  rapidly.B. occurs because of the convergence of
  many neurons on a single postsynaptic
  cell.C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic
  potentials.D. only involves inhibitory
  postsynaptic potentials.
• 2. Temporal summation A. occurs when a single
  neuron releases neurotransmitter
  rapidly.B. occurs because of the convergence of
  many neurons on a single postsynaptic
  cell.C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic
  potentials.D. only involves inhibitory
  postsynaptic potentials.
• 3. What causes presynaptic inhibition? A. inactiv
  ation of Ca2 channelsB. a second neuron causes
  a reduction in neurotransmitter release from
  another neuronC. axoaxonic synapsesD. All of
  the choices are correct.

9
Checkpoint 1 (Ch 8)

• 1. The cerebral cortex is made up of both gray
  and white matter. False
• 2. Damage to the parietal lobe of the cerebrum
  would impair somatesthetic interpretation.  T
• 3. Mirror neurons are found in the frontal lobe,
  parietal lobe, and Broca's motor speech area and
  are connected to the limbic system through the
  insula.  T
• 4. A record of the electrical currents of the
  cerebral cortex is a/an A. computed
  tomograph. B. electroencephalogram.C. magnetic
  resonance image. D. positron-emission tomograph.
• 5. During ______________ sleep, dreams that can
  be recalled are most likely to occur.  A. REM
  B. deepC. nonREM D. dozing
• 6. Which type of sleep pattern may aid the
  consolidation of memory? A. REM B. nonREM

10
Checkpoint 2 (Ch 8)

• 1. Which of the following neurotransmitters is
  NOT associated with cerebral nuclei
  function? A. dopamine B. GABAC. acetylcholine
  D. glutamate
• 2. Destruction of Wernicke's area destroys
  language comprehension.  T
• 3. Damage to the limbic system may result in an
  absence of fear.  T
• 4. Knowing how to tie your shoes is an example of
  _____ memory. A. episodic B. declarativeC. no
  ndeclarative D. working
• 5. What type of memory is involved in learning
  all this material about memory? A. semantic B.
   implicitC. episodic D. procedural

11
Checkpoint 3 (Ch 8)

• 1. The majority of sensory information is relayed
  to the cerebrum by the A. pons. B. thalamus.
  C. hypothalamus. D. medulla oblongata.
• 2. The liver, heart, and kidneys have a circadian
  rhythm.  T
• 3. Which of the following is NOT a function of
  the hypothalamus? A. controls hunger and
  thirstB. controls motor coordinationC. controls
  body temperatureD. controls the autonomic
  nervous system

12
Checkpoint 4 (Ch 8)

• 1. Destruction of the superior colliculi would
  impact an individual's hearing.  F
• 2. The _pons_ and _cerebellum_ comprise the
  metencephalon. 
• 3. The right side of the brain controls motor
  activity on the left side of the body because
  nerve tracts decussate in the A. pons. B. midbr
  ain.C. thalamus. D. medulla.
• 4. Failure of the RAS would result in the
  disorder known as _narcolepsy_.

13
Checkpoint 5 (Ch 8)

• 1. In the spinal cord the gray matter is on the
  _____ and the white matter is on the
  ___. A. outside, inside B. inside, outside
• 2. Sensory impulses associated with crude touch
  and pressure are transmitted by the posterior
  spinocerebellar tracts to the thalamus.  F
• 3. Descending tracts carry motor impulses from
  the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.  T
• 4. Which tracts are NOT part of the
  extrapyramidal motor tracts? A. vestibulospinal
  B. corticospinalC. rubrospinal D. reticulospina
  l

14
Checkpoint 6 (Ch 8)

• 1. The 3 cranial nerves with only sensory fibers
  are _olfactory_, _optic_ and _vestibulocochlear_.
  
• 2. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and _31_
  pairs of spinal nerves. 
• 3. All spinal nerves are mixed.  T
• 4. What is the first structure of a reflex
  arc? A. effector B. receptorC. sensory
  neuron D. motor neuron

15
Checkpoint 1 (Ch 9)

• 1. Autonomic motor neurons leaving the spinal
  cord synapse once prior to synapsing with the
  target organ. TRUE
• 2. Where do autonomic postganglionic neurons
  originate? A. hindbrain B. gray matter of
  spinal cordC. peripheral ganglia D. All of the
  choices are correct.
• 3. Neurotransmitter release in the autonomic
  nervous system is always inhibitory. FALSE
• 4. Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection
  between the CNS and their effector organs while
  _autonomic_ motor neurons must synapse on or with
  a peripheral neuron before reaching their
  effectors.

16
Checkpoint 2 (Ch 9)

• 1. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from
  the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal
  cord.  False
• 2. The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are
  associated with the _sympathetic_ division of the
  autonomic nervous system, while terminal ganglia
  are associated with the _parasympathetic_
  division. 
• 3. Mass activation is a property of both the
  sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the
  autonomic nervous system. False
• 4. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers (axons)
  are relatively long, while postganglionic
  sympathetic fibers (axons) are short. False
• 5. _Terminal_ ganglia are associated with the
  parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous
  system. 

17
Checkpoint 3 (Ch9)

• 1. Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS
  opposes the effects of parasympathetic
  stimulation.  False
• 2. Which autonomic division is dominant in an
  emergency situation? Sympathetic
• 3. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal
  body functions such as digestion? Parasympathetic
• 4. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic
  nervous system utilizes norepinephrine and ACh
  while the sympathetic division utilizes ACh only
  at its synapses. (F)
• 5. "Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that
  postganglionic autonomic neurons release
  neurotransmitter A. from the axon
  terminal.B. only when receptors pass over the
  axon.C. along the length of the axon.D. from
  the soma.