8.05 Honors

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8.05 Honors Organic carbon chemistry
Ms. Gachet )
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Curriculum Standards

• National Content Standard BPhysical Science
  Structure and properties of matter
• Carbon atoms can bond to one another in chains,
  rings, and branching networks to form a variety
  of structures, including synthetic polymers,
  oils, and the large molecules essential to life.
  (5C)
• Florida SC.912.L.17.11 Describe the properties
  of the carbon atom that make the diversity of
  carbon compounds possible.

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Curriculum Objectives for 8.05 Honors

• Objectives (includes higher-order thinking)
• Define organic chemistry
• Explain and identify different organic molecules
  and organic functional groups
• Name organic molecules

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Vocabulary (Literacy Skill)

• Definition of organic chemistry---molecule that
  has Carbon
• Carbon is in many things (you, rocks, fossil
  fuels, etc.). Carbon has four valence electrons.
• Hydrocarbon---has only carbon and hydrogen
• Example CH4

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Vocabulary Prefixes (Literacy Skill)Example
pentane (5 carbons)
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Vocabulary Suffix/Endings (Literacy Skill)

• Alkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons (carbon and
  hydrogen) that contain only single bonds between
  the carbon atoms, no multiple (double or triple)
  bonds. Alkanes are named with an ane ending
  (pentane).
• Alkenes Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at
  least one double bond in the carbon chain.
  Alkenes are named with an ene ending (pentene).
• Alkynes Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at
  least one triple bond in the carbon chain.
  Alkynes are named with a yne ending
  (pentyne).

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Diagrams Functional Groups
Alcohol (carbon to hydroxyl group of OH)
Ethers have oxygen between two carbon atoms
Amine is a nitrogen bonded to one, two or three
carbons
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Diagrams Functional Groups
The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom
double-bonded to an oxygen atom (CO). Depending
on WHERE the carbonyl group appears on the
organic compound and what else is bonded to it,
the compound may fall into the category of
ketone, aldehyde, amide, carboxylic acid, or
ester.
Ketone has a carbonyl (CO) between two carbon
atoms
Aldehyde has a carbonyl (CO) between one carbon
and one hydrogen. The bottom picture is an
exception formaldehyde has a carbonyl (CO)
between two hydrogen atoms. Fragrant, pleasant
smell (lemons, etc.).
Exception
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Diagrams Functional Groups
Amide has a carbonyl group (CO) bonded to a
nitrogen.
Carboxylic acid has a carbonyl (CO) bonded to a
hydroxyl (OH)
Ester has a carbonyl (CO) bonded to a carbon on
one side and a O-C on the other side. Many
artificial flavors.
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Vocabulary
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules
on Earth made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms. Carbohydrates are often made up of
aldehydes or ketones bonded together in more
complex structures, and they have the empirical
formula of CH2O. Carbohydrates are the structural
elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants
and exoskeletons of invertebrates, and they serve
as energy storage. Carbohydrates are the starting
materials for many organic compounds like fats
and amino acids. Example Glucose
C6H12O6 Polymers are extremely long molecule
chains that consist of repeated molecular units
called monomers. Each monomer can be made up of
anywhere from four to 100 atoms, and when chained
together they can form polymers made up of
hundreds or thousands of atoms total. These
polymer molecules are still too small to be seen
with the unaided eye, which is another reminder
of just how small atoms really are! Human-made
polymers, called synthetic polymers, are commonly
known as plastics and have a wide variety of
uses. Nylon, polystyrene, polypropylene, and PVC
are examples of synthetic polymers. In the United
States, synthetic polymers have surpassed steel
as the most widely used material.
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Scaffolding Breaking directions into easier
steps (Literacy Skill)Steps to naming organic
compounds

• Find the longest (parent) chain (if there is a
  multiple bond, the multiple bond must be in the
  longest chain and you will start numbering from
  the side that gives the multiple bond the
  smallest number). Be careful---the longest chain
  might not be a straight chain (it might wind
  around).
• If there is no multiple bond, start numbering the
  longest chain near the branching (lower number
  near the branch). If there is a multiple bond
  and each side is equidistant, then start
  numbering where the functional group will have
  the lowest number.
• Functional group comes off the parent chain.
  Functional group (branch) will have yl ending
  (methyl).
• Structure for naming answer
• Number of branch location name of branch root
  name of parent chain with -ane ending
• Number of branch location name of branch
  number of bond location root name of parent
  chain with -ene ending
• Number of branch location name of branch
  number of bond location root name of parent
  chain with -yne ending

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Practice Naming (all single bonds)
Description Number the longest chain, the
functional group (branch) has the smallest number
possible, all single bonds (ane ending), the
number shows the location of the functional
group, name the functional group (branch)
Summary Number of branch location name of
branch root name of parent chain with -ane ending
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Practice Naming (double bond)
Description Number the longest chain, the
multiple bond has the lowest number possible, one
double bond (ene ending), the first number shows
the location of the functional group and the
second number shows the location of the double
bond, name the functional group (branch)
Summary Number of branch location name of
branch number of bond location root name of
parent chain with -ene ending
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Practice Naming (triple bond)
Description Number the longest chain, the
multiple bond has the lowest number possible, one
triple bond (yne ending), the first number shows
the location of the functional group and the
second number shows the location of the triple
bond, name the functional group (branch)
Summary Number of branch location name of
branch number of bond location root name of
parent chain with -yne ending
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Practice Naming
Number the longest chain, the multiple bond has
the lowest number possible, one triple bond (yne
ending), here there is no functional group
(everything is in the longest chain) so you only
number the location of the triple bond.
Summary Number of branch location name of
branch number of bond location root name of
parent chain with -yne ending
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Practice Naming

• How many total carbons are in
• 2-methyl-2-butene?
• Butene (how many carbons in longest chain)?
• Methyl (how many carbons in functional group)?
• Add them together to get total carbons in this
  molecule.

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Woohoo!

• Now it is your turn to complete the practice
  problems in the 8.05 Honors lesson before
  submitting the 8.05 Honors assessment.
• Feel free to watch this tutorial again and attend
  tutoring. Remember, you may resubmit 8.05 Honors
  until you master this topic.
• Please review this tutorial for the module 8
  honors exam and the final exam.
• Have a wonderful day!

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