D.C. Anatomy Lecture 3 The Cell

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D.C. Anatomy Lecture 3The Cell

• Southern Boone County High School
• Bill Palmer

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The Basics

• Human has 75 Trillion Cells
• At least 200 types of cells
• Cells form the basis of organization for the
  human body

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The Basics of Cells

• All cells have these common characteristics
• Respire and grow
• Eliminate waste
• Maintain a shape
• Undergo cell division
• Perform a specific function

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The Basics of Cells

• The study of cells is called Cytology

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The Basics of CellsFunctions

• Covering-Epithelial Cells
• Lining-Epithelial Cells
• Storage-Fat Cells
• Movement-Muscle Cells
• Connection-Ligaments

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The Basics of CellsFunctions

• Defense-White Blood Cells
• Communication-Nerve Cells
• Reproduction-sperm and oocytes

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100 m
blue whale
10 m
human
1 m
10 cm
chicken egg
1 cm
1 mm
frog egg
100 µm
plant and animal cells
10 µm
cell nucleus
most bacteria
mitochondria
1 µm
smallest bacteria
100 nm
largest virus
10 nm
proteins
1 nm
lipids
atoms
0.1 nm
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Main Regions
nucleus
cytosol
cytoskeleton
other organelles
Cell membrane
Eukaryotic cell
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CONTROL CENTER (nucleus)
ASSEMBLY LINE (endoplasmic reticulum)
STRUCTURE (cytoskeleton)
WORK BENCHES (ribosomes)
DISTRIBUTION CENTER (Golgi complex)
POWERHOUSES (mitochondria)
CLEANING CREW (lysosomes)
SECURITY GATE (cell membrane)
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The Nucleus(Control center)

• Contains most of the genes that control the
  eukaryotic cell (DNA)
• Generally the most conspicuous organelle

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Ribosomes (work benches)

• Site where cells make proteins
• 2 types (different kinds perform different tasks)
• Free Ribosomes (within cytosol)
• Bound Ribosomes (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

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Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Endoplasmic Reticulum(assembly line)

• Interconnected membranes that form channels and
  canals within the cytoplasm
• Move substances from one part of the cell to
  another

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Endoplasmic Reticulum(assembly line)

• 2 types
• Interconnected membranes that form channels and
  canals within the cytoplasm
• Smooth ER (site of lipid synthesis and
  detoxification)
• Rough ER

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Golgi Complex(Distribution Center)

• modifies, sorts, and ships proteins

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Perixosomes

• Specific enzymes that break down harmful
  substances
• Convert H2O2 to H2O

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from RER
cisternae
cisternal spaces
Golgi complex
vesicle
to plasma membrane
to cytosol
for export out of cell
P
P
1. Side chains are edited. 2. Vesicles formed
for protein transport.
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Cell membrane(security gate)

• Fluid (moving) mosaic (made of multiple proteins)
  model

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Cell membrane(security gate)

• Major Functions
• Keeps stuff in
• Keeps stuff out
• Transport
• Communication

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Lysosomes(Cleaning Crew)

• Digestive compartments used to hydrolyze
  proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids.

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Mitochondria(Powerhouse)

• Use Oxygen to convert food energy (from sugars,
  fats, and other fuels) to ATP (used for our
  bodys energy needs)

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The Cytoskeleton( Internal Scaffolding)

• Protein fibers
• give cells shape
• anchor organelles
• allow movement

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Functions of Microtubules

• Movement
• Cilia
• Flagella

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Clinical View

• From time to time, we will discuss some of the
  diseases and conditions and how they are related
  to anatomy.
• Some of these can be disturbing.

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Clinical View-Tay-Sachs

• Tay-Sachs Disease
• Caused by missing genes in Lysosome
• Lipid (fat) accumulates within cell
• Infants appear normal
• Paralysis, blindness, deafness, appear by 2
• Death by 4
• No cure

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Clinical View-Tay-Sachs
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Clinical View-ALD

• Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
• Caused by missing membrane in peroxisome
• Peroxisome cannot break down long chain fatty
  acid
• Affects nerve cells so they can not transmit
  impulses

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Clinical View-ALD

• Several forms-affects boys 4-10
• First signslethargy, weakness, dizziness, low
  blood sugar, dark skin
• Later signsslow heart rate, paralysis,
  blindness, loss of reflex, paralysis, death
• No cure, but no fat diet can help.
• Movie- Lorenzos Oil based on this disease
• Lorenzos Oil is oleic acid/rapeseed reduces long
  fatty acid molecules

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Clinical View-ALD
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Clinical View-MELAS

• Mitochondrial myopathy (weak muscles)
• Encephalopathy (brain disorder)
• Lactic Acidosis (lactic acid in muscles)
• Stroke-(impaired circulation in brain)
• Genetic problem in mitochondria
• Mitochondria cannot help make protein
• First presents with a stroke (4-15 yrs old)
• No cure, drugs only slightly effective

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Clinical View-MELAS
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Clinical View-Terms

• Anaplasia -loss of cell function
• Carcinogen -substance that causes cancer
• Dysplasia -cells and tissue that are not normal
• Hyperplasia -excessive cells
• Hypertrophy -increase in size of an organ

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Clinical View-Terms

• Malignant tumor -abnormal cell growth that
  invades surrounding tissue
• Metaplasia -transformation of one cell type into
  another
• Metastasis -movement of malignant cells into
  another part of the body
• Mutagen -something that causes a change in
  genes-may cause cancer

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Clinical View-Terms

• This scar is abnormally large.
• What are some terms that might be used to
  describe the scar?

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Clinical View-Terms

• This scar is abnormally large.
• What are some terms that might be used to
  describe the scar?
• Dysplasia
• Hyperplasia

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Clinical View-Terms

• These photos are from a 28 year old Nepalese man.
  
• What terms might be used to describe the
  condition?

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Clinical View-Terms

• These photos are from a 28 year old Nepalese man.
  
• What terms might be used to describe the
  condition?
• Hypertrophy

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Clinical View-Terms

• These lesions show abnormal cell growth that has
  invaded surrounding tissue.
• What terms might be used to describe the
  condition?

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Clinical View-Terms

• These lesions show abnormal cell growth that has
  invaded surrounding tissue.
• What terms might be used to describe the
  condition?
• Malignant tumor
• Metaplasia
• Metastasis

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Clinical View-Terms

• What terms might be used to describe the
  cigarette? What if it affected your genes?

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Clinical View-Terms

• What terms might be used to describe the
  cigarette? What if it affected your genes?
• Carcinogen
• Mutagen

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Wrap up

• Draw a eukaryotic animal cell similar to page 77
  and label all parts. Cell should be in color, on
  white paper, and 3-D.
• Know three diseases that are caused by organelles
  not functioning properly. (p88)
• Make a chart showing the organelles and their
  function