Canine Respiratory Disease Complex

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Canine Respiratory Disease Complex

• Yasmina Sebek
• Lois Stovall
• Rehana Ramroop
• Dr.Brahmbhatt-Period 1

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Canine Respiratory Diseases

• There are many different kinds of upper and
  lower respiratory diseases. The main ones you
  will see in clinic are
• Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
• (Kennel Cough syndrome)
• Canine Distemper
• Canine Influenza
• Canine Bordetella
• Streptococcus species
• Canine adenovirus

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Causes

• Pathogenesis-development of the disease in the
  body.
• Infectious Agents- Bordetella bronchiseptica and
  mycoplasma are the most common infectious agents
  involved.
• Transmission- retrieving it from canine to
  canine.
• Most CIRDC pathogens do not survive in the
  environment for a long time

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Less Common Causes

• Heartworm
• Heart failure
• Neoplasia
• Fungal pneumonia
• Pulmonary Parasite
• Migration

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History

• Canine Influenza was first detected in January
  2004
• Originated from Greyhound race dogs.
• The first case of Canine Bordetella was
  detected in 2004.

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Signalment

• All dogs are susceptible to some degree, but
  unvaccinated, immune compromised and young
  animals are especially vulnerable.
• Canine Influenza
• -Age young canines
• -Breed all breeds are susceptible
• -Sex both male and female
• Canine Bordetella
• -Age young canines
• -Breed all breeds are susceptible
• -Sex both male and female

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Transmission

• Main transmission from canine to canine
• Fomites- is any inanimate object or substance
  capable of carrying infectious organisms
  (clothing,hands,shoes)
• Aerosol- an airborne pathogen
• Environmental Contamination- is not a major
  source of CDV because the virus is very labile.
  (becoming inactive when subjected to heat or radia
  tion. )

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Transmisson (continued)

• Most Canine Respiratory Diseases are NOT
  zoonotic.
• However, Canine Bordetella is zoonotic (very few
  human cases). Bordetella bacteria are usually
  transmitted to humans through the air. The virus
  is an airborne pathogen, which means it can
  spread from dog to dog through the air.
• Canine Influenza virus can be transmitted to a
  dog through direct contact with an infected dog,
  through contact with contaminated items, and by
  people who may be carrying the virus on their
  hands or clothing. The virus can remain alive and
  infective on surfaces for up to 48 hours, on
  clothing for 24 hours, and on hands for 12 hours.
   

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Incubation Periods

• Canine Influenza Symptoms take approximately
  two to four days to set in after contact with the
  virus.
• Canine Bordetella Incubation period is three to
  ten days (average 6 in dogs)

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Clinical Signs

• May include sneezing, nasal and ocular discharge
  (rhinitis and sinusitis), and sometimes lower
  respiratory and/or systemic disease (fever)
• Canine Bordetella dry hacking cough, watery
  nasal discharge, sneezing. In severe cases- dogs
  can have fevers, lethargy, breathing difficulties
  and anorexia.
• Canine Influenza coughing, nasal discharge,
  possible vomiting.

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Diagnostic Tests

• Culture or PCR of ocular, nasal or oropharyngeal
  swab for Bordetella.
• PCR for parainfluenza virus available from some
  labs
• Specificity of culture is improved by culturing
  transtracheal or endotracheal wash fluid rather
  than oral or nasal swabs.
• viral isolation and blood work conducted for both
  

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Expected Results

• Bordetella may be shed up to 3 months. Viral
  agents shed lt 2 weeks
• Infectious risk is greatly reduced when dogs no
  longer have discharge or coughing.

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Treatment (Supportive)

• Dogs that suffer from a respiratory infection
  that is caused by a virus may receive treatment
  to support the immune system. This may include
  rest, fluids and the restriction of any
  strenuous activities such as running.
• Keeping the dog at home in an environment that is
  not stressful is also suggested.

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Treatment (Medication)

• Dogs may be prescribed antibiotics by a
  veterinarian. Mild cases may be treated with
  anti-inflammatory medications (steroids) and
  cough suppressants.
• Dogs that are short of breath or have difficulty
  breathing may benefit from the use of
  bronchodilators to restore free breathing.

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Prognosis

• Canine Influenza Most dogs with mild signs
  recover fully. Death occurs mainly in dogs with
  the severe form of disease the mortality rate is
  thought to be 1-5 or slightly higher.
• Canine Bordetella It is generally not that
  dangerous it only hurts the higher respiratory
  tubes. Though not fatal, secondary illness like
  pneumonia can lead to serious complications, some
  which can cause death.

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Pathologic Lesions

• Canine Influenza Hemorrhages may be found in the
  lungs, mediastinum, and pleural cavity. The lungs
  may exhibit signs of severe pneumonia, and can be
  dark red to black.
• Canine Bordetella infects the upper respiratory
  tract causing canine cough and can lead to
  pneumonia.

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Prevention

• Canine Influenza There is an effective and
  safe vaccine for canine influenza fully licensed
  by the USDA. Nobivac Canine Flu H3N8 has been
  shown to control the spread and minimize the
  impact of CIV infection and has been proven safe
  in half a million dogs.
• Canine Bordetella A vaccine is available for
  Bordetella. Bordetella vaccines help reduce the
  severity of complications from the disease.
• If client is immunocompromised (HIV,
  chemotheraphy) than consider injectable
  bordatella rather than intranasal bordatella

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Client Education

• Canine Influenza
• Clients should be told the following
• Canine Influenza is a respiratory disease that
  affects dogs it cannot be spread to cats or
  humans.
• Symptoms last 2-3 weeks and are usually
  characterized by a moist cough, runny nose, and
  fever.
• Each dog should be evaluated individually as to
  the need for the vaccination.

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Client Education

• Canine Bordetella
• Clients should be told the following
• Bordetella is a bacterial infection of the
  respiratory tract. 
• It is transmitted via air borne nasal, ocular,
  and saliva secretions. 
• Symptoms last for 7 to 21 days. It is
  characterized by a harsh often non-productive
  cough.

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Canine Bordetella Case Study

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-pWaLRpd1b8

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Canine Influenza Case Study

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlTBX7jB1FBw

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References

• http//wvc.omnibooksonline.com/data/papers/2008_SI
  S6.pdf
• Canine Respiratory Diseases eHow.com http//www
  .ehow.com/about_5413001_canine-respiratory-disease
  s.htmlixzz1FsxHc01i
• http//www.avma.org/public_health/influenza/canine
  _guidelines.asp