The Bourbon Triumvirate

1
The Bourbon Triumvirate
Joseph E. Brown
a.k.a. Sweet Chin Hair
John B. Gordon

• Alfred Colquitt
• Elected governor of Georgia in 1876
• Advocated for the industrialization of GA

• Governor of GA during the Civil War
• Brown served as a U.S. senator from 1880 to 1890

• Governor of GA from 1886 to 1890
• Served multiple terms in the US Senate

• Wanted to keep the power of the government in the
  hands of White Southern Democrats!!!

2
The Bourbon Triumvirate

• Democrats controlled Georgias government after
  Reconstruction.
• Powerful Democratic leaders, known as the
  Bourbon Triumvirate were Joseph E. Brown,
  Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon.
• Their goals were
• expand Georgias economy and ties with industries
  in the North
• maintain the tradition of white supremacy.

3
The greatest hype man the South has ever known!
Announcing HENRY GRADY!!!
4
Henry Grady

• Henry Grady was a speaker and newspaper editor.
• Grady described Georgia as a place which could
  have competitive industry and more efficient
  farming.
• Grady envisioned improved race relations in a
  New South which left its antebellum past
  behind.

5
The International Cotton Exposition
In the late 1800s, fairs and expositions were an
important way for cities to attract visitors who,
in an era before radio and television, were eager
to see new technological marvels on display.
These events provided civic leaders with a
showcase to lure visitors, who were urged to come
and do business in the host location.
                                      
1887 Piedmont Exposition
6
Tom Watson and the Populists

• Thomas E. Watson, 1904
• Watson was elected to Congress in 1890. He
  shocked Georgians by quitting his party, joining
  the Populists, and founding a newspaper called
  the People's Party Paper.
• The Populist Party mainly appealed to white
  farmers, many of whom had been impoverished by
  debt and low cotton prices in the 1880s and
  1890s. Populism directly challenged the dominance
  of the Democratic Party, and as a result
  Populists sought out the black votes as well.
• Tom Watson, famous Georgia populist, worked for
  Rural Free Delivery bill to deliver mail to rural
  areas for free

                                      
1887 Piedmont Exposition
7
The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906
                                      
1887 Piedmont Exposition

• Occurred Sept. 22-24, 1906 in downtown Atlanta
• White mobs killed dozens of blacks, wounded
  scores of others, and inflicted considerable
  property damage.

8
The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906

• By the 1880s Atlanta had become TOP DAWG!
• The city's overall population soared from 89,000
  in 1900 to 150,000 in 1910 the black population
  was approximately 9,000 in 1880 and 35,000 by
  1900.
• Such growth increased job competition among
  black and white workers.
• Such conditions caused concern among elite
  whites, who feared the social intermingling of
  the races.
• The emergence of black elite also added to the
  racial tension.

                                      
1887 Piedmont Exposition
9
The Decline of the Bourbons and
Rebecca Latimer Felton

• A tireless advocate for the poor and lower
  middle class
• A leader in the suffrage and temperance movement
  in GA
• Wrote for The Cartersville Courant and later
  took a job as a columnist with the Atlanta
  Journal.
• Worked w/ husband to reform the convict lease
  system.
• Served as the first woman to serve in the US
  Senate after Tom Watson died.

10
Prison Reform

• 1908 end of convict lease system
• Work camps and chain gangs replaced the lease
  system
• Black-and-white uniforms
• Chained together
• Poor food housing
• No preparation for life after prison
• Progressive legislators created the Juvenile
  Court System

11
The County Unit System
12
The County Unit System

• 1917 Neil Primary Act created county unit
  system
• Plan designed to give small counties more power
  in state government
• Under this system, the 8 most populated counties
  had 6 county votes each (total of 48), the next
  30 most populated counties had 4 county unit
  votes (total of 120), and the remaining 121
  counties had 2 county unit votes (total 242).
• The largest 38 counties had 2/3 of voters, but
  the other 121 counties together could decide the
  election.
• People could be elected to office without getting
  a majority of votes
• Declared unconstitutional in 1962

13
The Trial of Leo Frank
14
"The Ballad of Mary Phagan" Little Mary
PhaganShe left her home one dayShe went to the
pencil-factoryTo see the big parade. She left
her home at elevenShe kissed her mother
good-byNot one time did the poor child
thinkThat she was a-going to die. Leo Frank he
met herWith a brutish heart, we knowHe smiled,
and said, "Little Mary,You won't go home no
more." --- as reproduced by F.B. Snyder in The
Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1918
15
The Trial of Leo Frank

• 1913 man accused of killing a 14-year-old
  employee, Mary Phagan in Atlanta
• Mr. Frank was a Jewish man from New York
• Little evidence against Mr. Frank, but he was
  convicted and sentenced to death
• Governor Slaton changed death sentence to life
  imprisonment
• Armed men took Frank from the prison, and he was
  lynched
• White supremacist Ku Klux Klan reborn as a result

16
What I saw and learned
when I was your age
17
Education in the New South Era

• Funding to provide elementary education for all
  children in Georgia grew slowly from 1868-1895.
• Teachers were paid a little more than farm hands
  and had little or no training.
• Normal schools were started to train more
  teachers.
• The school year was only three months long
  which allowed children to work on farms or in
  factories.
• The state constitution of 1877 did not allow for
  school beyond 8th grade and segregated black and
  white students.

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The Progressive Movement
Goal Progress! Goal Progress! Goal Progress!
Society Business Government
fight poverty improve working conditions votes for women prison reform outlaw alcohol break up large corporations regulate businesses decrease corporate power in government greater voice of the people more voters did not seek to increase participation of blacks in elections
19
Labor Unions

• Low wages in factories (10 per hour)
• Labor Unions organized workers
• Strikes could halt work in the factory
• AFL American Federation of Labor
• Georgians didnt support unions factories were
  often in small communities where people knew each
  other
• Mill towns factory owner owned the workers
  houses workers feared losing their homes

20
Child Labor Laws

• Progressives increased regulation to protect
  child laborers
• Minimum wage
• Compulsory school attendance laws
• Laws protecting children against work in
  dangerous places and using dangerous equipment
  (for example mines)
• In Georgia, most child workers in cotton fields
  or textile factories
• In the North, child workers were in sweatshops

21
Temperance Movement

• WCTU Womens Christian Temperance Movement
  wanted to end production and use of alcoholic
  beverages
• Carrie Nation famous for raiding saloons with a
  hatchet and making speeches against alcohol
• Progressives in Georgia restricted alcohol sales
  near schools and churches, and allowed counties
  to vote to be wet or dry
• 1919 18th Amendment banned manufacture, sale,
  transport of alcoholic beverages in USA

22
Womens Suffrage

• Suffrage the right to vote
• Seneca Falls, NY famous meeting of suffragettes
  
• 1920 19th Amendment gives women the right to
  vote Georgia did not ratify (approve) the
  amendment

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23
Section 2 Southern Politics in Action

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What were the goals of the populists in Georgia?

24
Section 2 Southern Politics in Action

• What words do I need to know?
• Populist party
• Australian ballot
• Rural Free Delivery bill
• poll
• Smith-Lever Act
• Agricultural Extension Service
• Smith-Hughes Act
• county unit system
• plurality

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Georgias Progressive Era Governors

• Hoke Smith worked to concentrate political power
  in the rural counties instead of larger counties
  and cities
• white supremacist
• led passage of law requiring land ownership
  before a person could vote excluded many blacks
• better funding of public schools
• child labor laws passed
• Smith-Lever Act (1914) created Agricultural
  Extension Service to teach improved farming
  methods
• Smith-Hughes Act helped establish vocational
  schools for youth
• Little Joe Brown son of Civil War era governor
  Joseph E. Brown

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Section 3 The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• In what ways did Georgians fight for civil
  rights during the progressive era?

27
Section 3 The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights

• What words do I need to know?
• civil rights
• Jim Crow laws
• injunction
• Atlanta Compromise speech
• lynching
• Back-to-Africa movement
• grandfather clause
• poll tax
• gerrymander
• martial law
• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People (NAACP)
• National Urban League

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Section 3 The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights

• What people do I need to know?
• Booker T. Washington
• W.E.B. DuBois
• John Lugenia Burns Hope
• Leo Frank

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Separate But Equal

• Civil Rights rights a person has as a citizen
• Jim Crow laws passed to separate blacks and
  whites
• Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision which
  approved Jim Crow laws decision in place until
  1954
• Cummings V. Richmond County Board of Education
  Supreme Court decision supporting segregated
  schools in Georgia

30
Booker T. Washington

• Outstanding civil rights leader of the era
• President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
• Supported good relations between blacks and
  whites
• Worked to improve the lives of African Americans
  through economic independence
• Believed social and political equality would come
  with improved economic conditions and education
• Famous Atlanta Compromise speech (1895)

31
W. E. B. DuBois

• Professor at Atlanta University
• Believed in action if African Americans and
  whites were to understand and accept each other
• Thought Booker T. Washington was too accepting of
  social injustice

32
John Hope

• Civil rights leader from Augusta, GA
• President of Atlanta University
• Like DuBois, believed that African Americans
  should actively work for equality
• Part of group that organized NAACP
• Hopes wife, Lugenia, worked to improve
  sanitation, roads, healthcare and education for
  African American neighborhoods in Atlanta

33
A Loss of Voting Rights

• Laws created to keep African Americans in Georgia
  from voting
• Grandfather clause only those men whose fathers
  or grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1867
  could vote
• Poll tax a tax paid to vote
• Voters had to own property
• Voters had to pass a literacy test (which was
  determined by the poll worker and could be
  different for different people)
• Gerrymandering election districts drawn up to
  divide the African American voters

34
Race Riots in Atlanta

• 1906 various leaders and newspapers created a
  climate of anger and fear
• Two-day riot began with over 5,000 people
• Martial law military forces used to control
  civilians
• 21 people killed hundreds wounded
• Lots of property damage

35
African Americans Organize

• NAACP (1909) worked for the rights of African
  Americans
• W.E.B. DuBois left Atlanta to work for the NAACP
  in New York
• National Urban League formed in 1910
• Worked to solve social problems of African
  Americans in cities
• Assisted people moving from rural South to urban
  North

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Section 4 Business in Georgia

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• How did Georgia businesses grow during the
  progressive era?

37
Section 4 Business in Georgia

• What words do I need to know?
• scrip

38
Section 4 Business in Georgia

• What people do I need to know?
• Alonzo Herndon
• Asa Candler
• Morris Rich

39
Business in Georgia

• 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition
• 800,000 visitors in three months
• designed to show economic recovery in the South
• encouraged investments in southern businesses

40
Richs

• Famous Atlanta department store
• Started in 1867 by Morris Rich
• Known as a store with heart
• took farmers produce in payment
• took teachers scrip as money during the Great
  Depression
• Grew to be a regional shopping chain

41
Coca-Cola

• Invented in Atlanta in 1885 by John S. Pemberton
  as tonic
• Business purchased and expanded by Asa Candler
• Sold company in 1919 for 25 million
• Robert Woodruff grew company to billions of
  dollars in sales each year
• Woodruff and Candler generous givers to worthy
  causes

42
Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company

• Alonzo Herndon started barber business
• 1905 Purchased small insurance company and
  managed it well
• Now one of the largest African American
  businesses in the US
• Worth over 200 million and operates in 17 states

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43
Section 5 World War I

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• How did Georgians contribute to World War I?

44
Section 5 World War I

• What words do I need to know?
• World War I
• neutral
• propaganda
• armistice

45
World War I1914-1918
Allied Powers Leading Countries Central Powers Leading Countries
France Great Britain Russia (United States joined in 1917) Germany Austria-Hungary
President Woodrow Wilson declared the US would be
a neutral country.
46
Eugene Jacques Bullard

• First black African American combat pilot from
  Columbus, GA
• Enlisted in French Foreign Legion 1914
• Flew combat missions against Germany
• US Army Air Force refused his services

47
The United States Enters the War

• President Wilson worked to keep the US out of the
  war
• 1915 German submarine sank passenger ship
  Lusitania killing 128 Americans
• 1917 sub attacks resumed sinking American ships
• Zimmerman telegram Germany tried to get Mexico
  to attack the US
• Wilson finally joined the Allied powers

48
Georgia and World War I

• 100,000 Georgians volunteered to join the US
  armed forces
• Training in Georgia at Camp Benning, Fort
  McPherson, and Camp Gordon helped Georgia economy
• Georgians contributed manufactured goods and farm
  produce
• 3,000 young Georgians killed in the war
• Ended November 11, 1918

49
Atlanta Fire

• May 21, 1917
• Lasted 10-12 hours
• Seventy city blocks destroyed
• 6,000-10,000 people left homeless

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