Cell Structure

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Cell Structure Function

• Anatomy PhysiologyDr. Tony Serino

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The Cell

• Basic unit of life
• Surface to volume ratio
• Size 2-120 mcm

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Cell size
A human egg cell is just visible to the unaided
eye, and is about the size of the period at the
end of this sentence.
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The Cell Components

• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Organelles

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Cell Membrane
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Membrane Components
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Membrane Protein Functions
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Movement through the membrane
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Diffusion
-is the movement of substances from areas of high
concentration to areas of lower concentration
until an equilibrium is reached.
The movement of these substances is provided by
the heat of the system (thermokinetic energy).
Increasing the heat, increases the rate of
diffusion decreasing the heat has the opposite
effect. (Diffusion ceases at absolute zero (0oK
or 273 oC)
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Diffusion
Only particles that are not charged and
relatively small can pass through the membrane by
diffusing. Water, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, and
lipids can move freely.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Active Transport
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(solvent diffusion)
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Osmosis
More solute
Equal solute
Less solute
swells
same
shrinks
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
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Endocytosis
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Exocytosis
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Factors Controlling Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
A cells membrane is charged (positive on the
outside and negative on the inside)
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Cell Junctions function in anchoring and
communication
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The Cell
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Nucleus

• Largest organelle
• Stores DNA
• Site of RNA generation
• Double membraned outer membrane similar to rER

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DNA
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Central Dogma
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Base Sequences
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Post-transcriptional Modification
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tRNA
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Ribosome
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Initiation
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Elongation
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Termination
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Polysomes
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Docking Ribosome to rER
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Protein Synthesis Overview
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Membrane channels functioning in preotein and fat
  metabolism
• Smooth (sER) or rough (rER)
• rER has ribosomes on surface

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Golgi Apparatus
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Vesicles
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Mitochondria
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Cytoskeleton Centrosome
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Cytoskeleton Fibers
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Flagella and Cilia
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Microvilli
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Cell Replication Mitosis
Reproduction
Growth
Renewal
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Chromosome Structure
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Cell Cycle
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Centromere contains Kinetochore
allows movement of chromatid
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Mitosis Overview