CH. 7

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CH. 7

• CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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• CELL DISCOVERY AND THEORY
• MAIN IDEA The invention of the microscope led
  to the discovery of __________________.

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• HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY
• Robert ____________ made a simple microscope in
  1665 and looked at a piece of ________________,
  the dead cells of oak bark.
• Looked like cells that Monks lived in at a
  monastery, giving us the term ________
• ____________________ are the basic structural and
  functional unit of all living organisms.

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• THE CELL THEORY
• Cell theory states
• ____________ living organisms are composed of one
  or more _________________.
• Cells are the ___________________________ of
  structure and organization of all living
  organisms.
• Cells arise __________ from previously existing
  cells, with cells passing _________________ of
  their __________________ material on to their
  daughter cells.

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• BASIC CELL TYPES
• Cells __________________ based on the
  ________________ they perform for an organism
• Cells have one physical trait in common they
  ____________ have a structure called a
  ______________________________
• Plasma membrane is a special boundary that helps
  _______________ what _______________________ and
  _____________ the cell.
• Cells have a number of functions in common.
• Most cells have genetic material to provide
  _________________________ for making substances
  that the cell _______________________.
• Cells also break down molecules to generate
  ___________
• Cells are groups into 2 categories
• _________________________
• _________________________
• Generally are 1 to 100 times larger than
  prokaryotic cells

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• BASIC CELL TYPES CONTINUED
• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a
  plasma membrane but category is decided on
  internal structures called _______________________
  _____________
• Organelles are specialized structures that carry
  out _____________ cell ___________________________
  .
• Eukaryotic cells contain
• _______________________________________
• Is a distinct central organelles that contains
  the cells genetic material in the form of
  __________________.
• __________________________ are membrane-bound.
• Organelles help cell functions to take place in
  ___________________ parts of the cell at the same
  time.
• Most eukaryotes are multicellular organisms, some
  are unicellular like algae and yeast.

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• BASIC CELL TYPES CONTINUED
• Prokaryotic cells contain
• ________________________________
• ___________ membrane bound organelles
• ____________________________ than eukaryotic
  cells
• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms like
  ______________
• ORIGIN OF CELL DIVERSITY
• Scientists still investigating on how the 2 basic
  types of cells originated.
• Endosymbiont theory says that that eukaryotic
  cells evolved from prokaryotic cells, when one
  prokaryotic cell began living ____________________
  ___ of another prokaryotic cell and
  ____________________ received a benefit from the
  relationship.

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• SECTION 6.2 THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
• MAIN IDEA The plasma membrane helps to maintain
  a cells _______________________
• QUESTION What kind of substances do you think
  go in out of cells?

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• FUNCTION OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Homeostasis is the process of maintaining
  _____________ in an organisms internal
  environment.
• Essential to the _____________________ of the
  cell
• Plasma membrane is primarily responsible for
  helping to maintain homeostasis
• Plasma membrane is a thin, flexible
  ________________ __________________ boundary
  between a cell and its environment that allows
  _______________ into the cell and allows
  __________________ and other products to leave
  the cell.
• Both prokaryotic eukaryotic organisms have them
  to separate them from the watery environments
  that they exist in.
• _________________ how, when how much of the
  substances can enter leave a cell, pg. 187,
  Figure 5

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• STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Most of the molecules in the plasma membrane are
  ______________________ (large molecules composed
  of glycerol 3 fatty acids)
• Phospholipid is formed when a phosphate group
  replaces a fatty acid
• Plasma membrane is composed of a
  ______________________________________.
• 2 layers of phospholipids are arrange _______
  _____________________
• Arranged in this manner to allow the plasma
  membrane to exist in the water environment.

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• THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
• Phospholipid is shown as a head with 2 tails.
• Phosphate group in each phospholipid makes the
  head polar
• Attracted to water because water is also
  ________________
• 2 fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are repelled
  by water
• Water soluble substances will ________ move
  easily through the plasma membrane because they
  are stopped by the nonpolar middle.
• Keeps the environment inside the cell
  _________________ from the outside of the cell

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• OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Moving with among the phospholipids in the
  plasma membrane are ________________,
  __________________, and __________________________
  ________.
• Proteins on the outer surface of the plasma
  membrane are called receptors and help transmit
  _____________________ to the inside of the cell
• Proteins at the inner surface ________________
  the plasma membrane to the cells internal
  _______________________ structure, helping the
  cell keep its ___________________
• Other proteins are spread throughout the entire
  membrane and create ______________________
  through which certain substances ________________
  _______________ the cell
• Transport proteins move needed substances or
  waste materials through the plasma membrane and
  contribute to the selective permeability of the
  plasma membrane

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• OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  CONTINUED
• Nonpolar cholesterol molecules are repelled by
  water and are positioned among the phospholipids.
• Help to prevent the fatty-acid tails of the
  phospholipid bilayer from _____________________
  contributing to the ____________ movement in the
  plasma membrane
• Cholesterol helps in maintaining ________________
  in a cell.
• Carbohydrates attach to proteins and stick out
  from the plasma membrane to define the cells
  characteristics and help cells ___________________
  _ chemical signals
• Ex carbohydrates in the membrane might help
  _______________________________cells recognize
  and attack a potentially harmful cell.

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• OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  CONTINUED
• Fluid mosaic model allows the phospholipids to
  ____________ sideways within the membrane, while
  at the same time the other components like
  proteins move among the phospholipids.
• Plasma membrane is in _____________ motion.

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• Plasma membrane

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• SECTION 7.3 STRUCTURES AND ORGANELLES
• MAIN IDEA Eukaryotic cells contain organelles
  that allow the ________________ and the
  ____________________ of functions within the
  cell.
• QUESTION Look at your tennis shoe and I want
  you to identify all the different parts of the
  shoe.

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• CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES
• The environment ________________ the plasma
  membrane or cell membrane is a semifluid material
  called _____________.
• ____________________ organisms all chemical
  _________________ of the cell takes place in the
  ______________
• _______________ organisms chemical processes
  takes place in ____________ located within the
  ________________

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• CYTOPLASM AND CYTOSKELETON CONTINUED
• Cytoskeleton is a supporting network of long,
  thin protein fibers that form a framework for the
  cell and provide an ___________ for the
  ______________________________ inside the cells.
• Cytoskeleton also helps in cell
  ___________________ and other cellular activities
• Cytoskeleton made up of substructures called
• ___________________________________________
• Appear like long, ________________________________
  _ cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the
  cell and assist in moving substances
  ______________________ the cell
• ________________________________________________
• Appear like thin __________________________ that
  help give the cell shape and enable the entire
  cell or parts of the cell to _____________________
  _____________
• Both microtubules and microfilaments rapidly
  ______________ and __________________________ and
  slide past one another allowing cells and
  organelles to move

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• CELL STRUCTURES
• In eukaryotic cells membrane-bound organelles let
  _________________________ chemical processes to
  take place at the same time in different parts of
  the cytoplasm.
• Each organelle has a ____________________
  structure and function.

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• NUCLEUS
• The _________________________ of the cell
  __________________ what goes on in the cell
• Nucleus contains the cells _________, which
  stores the __________ used to make proteins for
  cell growth, function, and reproduction.
• Nucleus surrounded by a double membrane called
  the ____________________________.
• Similar to plasma membrane but has __________ to
  allow substances to move ______ _______ of the
  nucleus.

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• RIBOSOMES
• __________________ is the organelle that helps in
  the manufacture of _____________________________.
• Ribosomes are made of 2 components
• ______________________
• ______________________
• Ribosome production ___________ in the nucleus in
  an area called the ________________________
• Some ribosomes float freely in the
  ________________
• Produce proteins for use within the cytoplasm of
  the cell.
• Some ribosomes are ___________________ to another
  organelle called the ____________________________.
  
• Produce proteins that will be bound within
  membranes or used by other cells

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• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system of
  folded sacs interconnected channels that serves
  as the site for protein and lipid synthesis
• 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• ____________________________
• Has _______________________ attached
• Produce proteins for _____________ to other cells
• ________________________________
• Produces complex _________________________
  ____________________, including phospholipids, on
  the membranes surface
• Smooth ER in the liver _________________________
  harmful substances

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• GOLGI APPARATUS
• _______________________________ is a flattened
  stack of membranes that _______________,
  _____________, and ______________________
  proteins into sacs called ____________________.
• Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the
  endoplasmic reticulum to be __________________
  and sent out of the cell
• Vesicles can fuse with the cells plasma membrane
  to ___________________ proteins to the
  environment outside of the cell.

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• VACUOLES
• _________________ are membrane bound vesicles
  that temporarily _________________ materials and
  ________________ products within the cytoplasm.
• In __________ cells vacuole are used to store
  food, enzymes and other materials needed by a
  cell, and some vacuoles store the waste products.
• In ______________ cells usually vacuoles are not
  present, but if they have a vacuole they are much
  _____________________ than those in plant cells.

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• LYSOSOMES
• _______________________ are vesicles that contain
  substances that _________________
• excess or ___________________organelles
• _________________ particles
• _______________ and viruses
• Can fuse with vacuoles send their enzymes into
  the vacuoles to ____________________________
• Membrane around the lysosomes ________________
  the digestive enzymes inside from
  _______________________________ the cell

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• CENTRIOLES
• ______________________ are organelles made up of
  ________________________ that function during
  ________________.
• Centrioles are located in the __________________
  of animal cells and most protists and are usually
  located near the _________________.

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• MITOCHONDRIA
• Mitrochondria ___________________ fuel particles
  (mainly sugars) into usable energy.
• Referred to as the _________________ of cells
• ________________ has an outer membrane and a
  highly folded inner membrane that provides a
  large surface area for breaking bonds of sugar
  molecules.
• Energy produced from breaking bonds is
  _____________ in bonds of other molecules and
  later used by the cell.

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• CHLOROPLASTS
• Chloroplasts capture _______________ energy and
  convert it to _________________ energy through a
  process called ______________________________
• Chloroplasts are in ______________________ and
  some eukaryotic cells.
• Light captured in thylakoids
• Pigment used is ______________________________

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• CELL WALL
• Cell ____________ is in plant cells and is a
  thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surround the
  __________________ of the plasma membrane and
  will protect the cell and give it support.
• Cell wall made of _____________________
  (carbohydrate)
• CILIA AND FLAGELLA
• Cilia are short, numerous projections that look
  like _______ extending from the surface of the
  cell
• Motion of cilia similar to the motion of rowing a
  rowboat
• Flagella are longer and less numerous than cilia.
• Motion are whiplike
• Both cilia and flagella are composed of
  ________________

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• SECTION 6.4 CELLULAR TRANSPORT
• MAIN IDEA Cellular transport _______________
  substances __________________ the cell and moves
  substances _________ and __________ of the cell.
• QUESTION How can you tell when breakfast is
  cooking in the morning?
• How did these smells reach your nose?

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• DIFFUSION
• ______________________ is the net movement of
  particles from an area where there are __________
  particles of the substance to an area where there
  are _________________ particles of the substance.
• ___________________________ is the amount of a
  substance in a particular area
• Substances diffuse from areas of _____________
  concentration to areas of _______ concentration
• __________ energy is required for diffusion
• Particles already in motion
• 3 factors affect rate of diffusion
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________

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• DIFFUSION ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Water can diffuse across plasma membrane, but
  most other substances cannot
• __________________________uses transport proteins
  to move other ions and small molecules __________
  the plasma membrane
• Particles are moving from areas of _______
  concentration to areas of ______________
  concentration
• __________ energy required
• Also called _________ transport

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• OSMOSIS DIFFUSION OF WATER
• _________________ is the diffusion of
  ________________ across a selectively permeable
  membrane
• Regulating the movement of water across the
  plasma membrane is important in maintaining
  homeostasis within the cell
• Concentration is the measure of the amount of
  solute dissolved in a solvent
• Water molecules will diffuse _________________
  the side with the ___________________________
  concentration of ____________________

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• CELLS IN AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION
• Isotonic solution is when a cell has the ______
  concentration of ____________________ and
  _______________ (ions, sugars, proteins, and
  other substances) as its cytoplasm.
• Iso means equal
• Water will ______________________ move across the
  plasma membrane, but at the ______________________
  _____________
• Most cells are in isotonic solutions
• Ex _____________

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• CELLS IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
• _____________________ solution is when the cell
  is in a solution that has a _________________
  concentration of _______________________________
• Hypo means under
• Water will move __________ the cell causing the
  cell to ___________________
• If too much water moves into the cell the cell
  can ____________
• CELLS IN A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
• _____________________________ solution is when
  the concentration of the _____________________
  outside of the cell is ______________ than it is
  inside the cell.
• Hyper means above
• Water will flow _________________ of the cell
  causing the cell to ________________________

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• PICTURE OF ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC, AND HYPERTONIC
  SOLUTIONS

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• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• __________________________________ is when
  substances are moving from a region of
  __________________ concentration to a region of
  _____________________________ concentration
• Going ________________ the concentration gradient
  so it ___________________________________________
• Proteins called ______________________ in the
  plasma membrane move the substances
• Active transport helps maintain homeostasis

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• TRANSPORT OF LARGE PARTICLES
• When substances are too large to move across the
  plasma membrane or by a transport protein, they
  are moved by
• __________________________________________
• Process where a cell ________________________ a
  substance in a portion of the plasma membrane
• Membrane then __________________________ and
  leaves the substance ____________________ the
  cell
• _________________________________________
• Process of secreting material from the cell
• Reverse process of endocytosis
• Used to ________________ and to secrete hormones
• Endocytosis exocytosis _________________________
  __

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• PICTURE OF ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS