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CH. 7

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CH. 7 CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CELLS IN AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION Isotonic solution is when a cell has the _____ concentration of _____ and ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CH. 7


1
CH. 7
  • CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2
  • CELL DISCOVERY AND THEORY
  • MAIN IDEA The invention of the microscope led
    to the discovery of __________________.

3
  • HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY
  • Robert ____________ made a simple microscope in
    1665 and looked at a piece of ________________,
    the dead cells of oak bark.
  • Looked like cells that Monks lived in at a
    monastery, giving us the term ________
  • ____________________ are the basic structural and
    functional unit of all living organisms.

4
  • THE CELL THEORY
  • Cell theory states
  • ____________ living organisms are composed of one
    or more _________________.
  • Cells are the ___________________________ of
    structure and organization of all living
    organisms.
  • Cells arise __________ from previously existing
    cells, with cells passing _________________ of
    their __________________ material on to their
    daughter cells.

5
  • BASIC CELL TYPES
  • Cells __________________ based on the
    ________________ they perform for an organism
  • Cells have one physical trait in common they
    ____________ have a structure called a
    ______________________________
  • Plasma membrane is a special boundary that helps
    _______________ what _______________________ and
    _____________ the cell.
  • Cells have a number of functions in common.
  • Most cells have genetic material to provide
    _________________________ for making substances
    that the cell _______________________.
  • Cells also break down molecules to generate
    ___________
  • Cells are groups into 2 categories
  • _________________________
  • _________________________
  • Generally are 1 to 100 times larger than
    prokaryotic cells

6
  • BASIC CELL TYPES CONTINUED
  • Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a
    plasma membrane but category is decided on
    internal structures called _______________________
    _____________
  • Organelles are specialized structures that carry
    out _____________ cell ___________________________
    .
  • Eukaryotic cells contain
  • _______________________________________
  • Is a distinct central organelles that contains
    the cells genetic material in the form of
    __________________.
  • __________________________ are membrane-bound.
  • Organelles help cell functions to take place in
    ___________________ parts of the cell at the same
    time.
  • Most eukaryotes are multicellular organisms, some
    are unicellular like algae and yeast.

7
  • BASIC CELL TYPES CONTINUED
  • Prokaryotic cells contain
  • ________________________________
  • ___________ membrane bound organelles
  • ____________________________ than eukaryotic
    cells
  • Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms like
    ______________
  • ORIGIN OF CELL DIVERSITY
  • Scientists still investigating on how the 2 basic
    types of cells originated.
  • Endosymbiont theory says that that eukaryotic
    cells evolved from prokaryotic cells, when one
    prokaryotic cell began living ____________________
    ___ of another prokaryotic cell and
    ____________________ received a benefit from the
    relationship.

8
  • SECTION 6.2 THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • MAIN IDEA The plasma membrane helps to maintain
    a cells _______________________
  • QUESTION What kind of substances do you think
    go in out of cells?

9
  • FUNCTION OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • Homeostasis is the process of maintaining
    _____________ in an organisms internal
    environment.
  • Essential to the _____________________ of the
    cell
  • Plasma membrane is primarily responsible for
    helping to maintain homeostasis
  • Plasma membrane is a thin, flexible
    ________________ __________________ boundary
    between a cell and its environment that allows
    _______________ into the cell and allows
    __________________ and other products to leave
    the cell.
  • Both prokaryotic eukaryotic organisms have them
    to separate them from the watery environments
    that they exist in.
  • _________________ how, when how much of the
    substances can enter leave a cell, pg. 187,
    Figure 5

10
  • STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • Most of the molecules in the plasma membrane are
    ______________________ (large molecules composed
    of glycerol 3 fatty acids)
  • Phospholipid is formed when a phosphate group
    replaces a fatty acid
  • Plasma membrane is composed of a
    ______________________________________.
  • 2 layers of phospholipids are arrange _______
    _____________________
  • Arranged in this manner to allow the plasma
    membrane to exist in the water environment.

11
  • THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
  • Phospholipid is shown as a head with 2 tails.
  • Phosphate group in each phospholipid makes the
    head polar
  • Attracted to water because water is also
    ________________
  • 2 fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are repelled
    by water
  • Water soluble substances will ________ move
    easily through the plasma membrane because they
    are stopped by the nonpolar middle.
  • Keeps the environment inside the cell
    _________________ from the outside of the cell

12
  • OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • Moving with among the phospholipids in the
    plasma membrane are ________________,
    __________________, and __________________________
    ________.
  • Proteins on the outer surface of the plasma
    membrane are called receptors and help transmit
    _____________________ to the inside of the cell
  • Proteins at the inner surface ________________
    the plasma membrane to the cells internal
    _______________________ structure, helping the
    cell keep its ___________________
  • Other proteins are spread throughout the entire
    membrane and create ______________________
    through which certain substances ________________
    _______________ the cell
  • Transport proteins move needed substances or
    waste materials through the plasma membrane and
    contribute to the selective permeability of the
    plasma membrane

13
  • OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
    CONTINUED
  • Nonpolar cholesterol molecules are repelled by
    water and are positioned among the phospholipids.
  • Help to prevent the fatty-acid tails of the
    phospholipid bilayer from _____________________
    contributing to the ____________ movement in the
    plasma membrane
  • Cholesterol helps in maintaining ________________
    in a cell.
  • Carbohydrates attach to proteins and stick out
    from the plasma membrane to define the cells
    characteristics and help cells ___________________
    _ chemical signals
  • Ex carbohydrates in the membrane might help
    _______________________________cells recognize
    and attack a potentially harmful cell.

14
  • OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
    CONTINUED
  • Fluid mosaic model allows the phospholipids to
    ____________ sideways within the membrane, while
    at the same time the other components like
    proteins move among the phospholipids.
  • Plasma membrane is in _____________ motion.

15
  • Plasma membrane

16
  • SECTION 7.3 STRUCTURES AND ORGANELLES
  • MAIN IDEA Eukaryotic cells contain organelles
    that allow the ________________ and the
    ____________________ of functions within the
    cell.
  • QUESTION Look at your tennis shoe and I want
    you to identify all the different parts of the
    shoe.

17
  • CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES
  • The environment ________________ the plasma
    membrane or cell membrane is a semifluid material
    called _____________.
  • ____________________ organisms all chemical
    _________________ of the cell takes place in the
    ______________
  • _______________ organisms chemical processes
    takes place in ____________ located within the
    ________________

18
  • CYTOPLASM AND CYTOSKELETON CONTINUED
  • Cytoskeleton is a supporting network of long,
    thin protein fibers that form a framework for the
    cell and provide an ___________ for the
    ______________________________ inside the cells.
  • Cytoskeleton also helps in cell
    ___________________ and other cellular activities
  • Cytoskeleton made up of substructures called
  • ___________________________________________
  • Appear like long, ________________________________
    _ cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the
    cell and assist in moving substances
    ______________________ the cell
  • ________________________________________________
  • Appear like thin __________________________ that
    help give the cell shape and enable the entire
    cell or parts of the cell to _____________________
    _____________
  • Both microtubules and microfilaments rapidly
    ______________ and __________________________ and
    slide past one another allowing cells and
    organelles to move

19
  • CELL STRUCTURES
  • In eukaryotic cells membrane-bound organelles let
    _________________________ chemical processes to
    take place at the same time in different parts of
    the cytoplasm.
  • Each organelle has a ____________________
    structure and function.

20
  • NUCLEUS
  • The _________________________ of the cell
    __________________ what goes on in the cell
  • Nucleus contains the cells _________, which
    stores the __________ used to make proteins for
    cell growth, function, and reproduction.
  • Nucleus surrounded by a double membrane called
    the ____________________________.
  • Similar to plasma membrane but has __________ to
    allow substances to move ______ _______ of the
    nucleus.

21
  • RIBOSOMES
  • __________________ is the organelle that helps in
    the manufacture of _____________________________.
  • Ribosomes are made of 2 components
  • ______________________
  • ______________________
  • Ribosome production ___________ in the nucleus in
    an area called the ________________________
  • Some ribosomes float freely in the
    ________________
  • Produce proteins for use within the cytoplasm of
    the cell.
  • Some ribosomes are ___________________ to another
    organelle called the ____________________________.
  • Produce proteins that will be bound within
    membranes or used by other cells

22
  • ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system of
    folded sacs interconnected channels that serves
    as the site for protein and lipid synthesis
  • 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • ____________________________
  • Has _______________________ attached
  • Produce proteins for _____________ to other cells
  • ________________________________
  • Produces complex _________________________
    ____________________, including phospholipids, on
    the membranes surface
  • Smooth ER in the liver _________________________
    harmful substances

23
  • GOLGI APPARATUS
  • _______________________________ is a flattened
    stack of membranes that _______________,
    _____________, and ______________________
    proteins into sacs called ____________________.
  • Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the
    endoplasmic reticulum to be __________________
    and sent out of the cell
  • Vesicles can fuse with the cells plasma membrane
    to ___________________ proteins to the
    environment outside of the cell.

24
  • VACUOLES
  • _________________ are membrane bound vesicles
    that temporarily _________________ materials and
    ________________ products within the cytoplasm.
  • In __________ cells vacuole are used to store
    food, enzymes and other materials needed by a
    cell, and some vacuoles store the waste products.
  • In ______________ cells usually vacuoles are not
    present, but if they have a vacuole they are much
    _____________________ than those in plant cells.

25
  • LYSOSOMES
  • _______________________ are vesicles that contain
    substances that _________________
  • excess or ___________________organelles
  • _________________ particles
  • _______________ and viruses
  • Can fuse with vacuoles send their enzymes into
    the vacuoles to ____________________________
  • Membrane around the lysosomes ________________
    the digestive enzymes inside from
    _______________________________ the cell

26
  • CENTRIOLES
  • ______________________ are organelles made up of
    ________________________ that function during
    ________________.
  • Centrioles are located in the __________________
    of animal cells and most protists and are usually
    located near the _________________.

27
  • MITOCHONDRIA
  • Mitrochondria ___________________ fuel particles
    (mainly sugars) into usable energy.
  • Referred to as the _________________ of cells
  • ________________ has an outer membrane and a
    highly folded inner membrane that provides a
    large surface area for breaking bonds of sugar
    molecules.
  • Energy produced from breaking bonds is
    _____________ in bonds of other molecules and
    later used by the cell.

28
  • CHLOROPLASTS
  • Chloroplasts capture _______________ energy and
    convert it to _________________ energy through a
    process called ______________________________
  • Chloroplasts are in ______________________ and
    some eukaryotic cells.
  • Light captured in thylakoids
  • Pigment used is ______________________________

29
  • CELL WALL
  • Cell ____________ is in plant cells and is a
    thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surround the
    __________________ of the plasma membrane and
    will protect the cell and give it support.
  • Cell wall made of _____________________
    (carbohydrate)
  • CILIA AND FLAGELLA
  • Cilia are short, numerous projections that look
    like _______ extending from the surface of the
    cell
  • Motion of cilia similar to the motion of rowing a
    rowboat
  • Flagella are longer and less numerous than cilia.
  • Motion are whiplike
  • Both cilia and flagella are composed of
    ________________

30
  • SECTION 6.4 CELLULAR TRANSPORT
  • MAIN IDEA Cellular transport _______________
    substances __________________ the cell and moves
    substances _________ and __________ of the cell.
  • QUESTION How can you tell when breakfast is
    cooking in the morning?
  • How did these smells reach your nose?

31
  • DIFFUSION
  • ______________________ is the net movement of
    particles from an area where there are __________
    particles of the substance to an area where there
    are _________________ particles of the substance.
  • ___________________________ is the amount of a
    substance in a particular area
  • Substances diffuse from areas of _____________
    concentration to areas of _______ concentration
  • __________ energy is required for diffusion
  • Particles already in motion
  • 3 factors affect rate of diffusion
  • _________________________________
  • _________________________________
  • _________________________________

32
  • DIFFUSION ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • Water can diffuse across plasma membrane, but
    most other substances cannot
  • __________________________uses transport proteins
    to move other ions and small molecules __________
    the plasma membrane
  • Particles are moving from areas of _______
    concentration to areas of ______________
    concentration
  • __________ energy required
  • Also called _________ transport

33
  • OSMOSIS DIFFUSION OF WATER
  • _________________ is the diffusion of
    ________________ across a selectively permeable
    membrane
  • Regulating the movement of water across the
    plasma membrane is important in maintaining
    homeostasis within the cell
  • Concentration is the measure of the amount of
    solute dissolved in a solvent
  • Water molecules will diffuse _________________
    the side with the ___________________________
    concentration of ____________________

34
  • CELLS IN AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION
  • Isotonic solution is when a cell has the ______
    concentration of ____________________ and
    _______________ (ions, sugars, proteins, and
    other substances) as its cytoplasm.
  • Iso means equal
  • Water will ______________________ move across the
    plasma membrane, but at the ______________________
    _____________
  • Most cells are in isotonic solutions
  • Ex _____________

35
  • CELLS IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
  • _____________________ solution is when the cell
    is in a solution that has a _________________
    concentration of _______________________________
  • Hypo means under
  • Water will move __________ the cell causing the
    cell to ___________________
  • If too much water moves into the cell the cell
    can ____________
  • CELLS IN A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
  • _____________________________ solution is when
    the concentration of the _____________________
    outside of the cell is ______________ than it is
    inside the cell.
  • Hyper means above
  • Water will flow _________________ of the cell
    causing the cell to ________________________

36
  • PICTURE OF ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC, AND HYPERTONIC
    SOLUTIONS

37
  • ACTIVE TRANSPORT
  • __________________________________ is when
    substances are moving from a region of
    __________________ concentration to a region of
    _____________________________ concentration
  • Going ________________ the concentration gradient
    so it ___________________________________________
  • Proteins called ______________________ in the
    plasma membrane move the substances
  • Active transport helps maintain homeostasis

38
  • TRANSPORT OF LARGE PARTICLES
  • When substances are too large to move across the
    plasma membrane or by a transport protein, they
    are moved by
  • __________________________________________
  • Process where a cell ________________________ a
    substance in a portion of the plasma membrane
  • Membrane then __________________________ and
    leaves the substance ____________________ the
    cell
  • _________________________________________
  • Process of secreting material from the cell
  • Reverse process of endocytosis
  • Used to ________________ and to secrete hormones
  • Endocytosis exocytosis _________________________
    __

39
  • PICTURE OF ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS
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