Cytology

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Cytology

• Ms. Napolitano Mrs. Haas
• CP Biology

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Terms for Do Now1/30 2/2

• Plasma (Cell) Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Cytosol
• Centrosome
• Centriole
• Chromosomes
• Ribosomes
• Nucleoid
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Nuclear Membrane
• Nuclear Pores
• Nucleoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Smooth ER
• Rough ER
• Vesicles

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What Are Cells?

• Cells the smallest unit of life
• Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier
• Cytology The study of cells

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Robert Hooke

• 1665 - Viewed cork under a microscope.
• Named empty chambers cells because they looked
  like monks cells.

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Cell Theory

1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
   function.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

1838
1855
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells are simple cells
• Do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound
  organelles
• Theorized that eukaryotic cells arose from
  prokaryotic cells
• Organelles found in prokaryotic cells
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm/cytosol
• DNA
• Ribosomes

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Parts of the Cell
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Plasma Membrane

• Holds the cell together
• Surrounds the cell
• Controls what goes in and out
• Phospholipid bilayer

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Cytoplasm Cytosol

• Cytoplasm
• Material in the cell membrane
• Does not include the nucleus
• Cytosol
• Liquid found inside cells
• Separated into compartments by membranes

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Chromosomes

• Threadlike structure within the nucleus
• Contains genetic information (DNA)
• Humans 23 chromosome pairs

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Ribosomes

• Where proteins are made
• May be free in the cytosol or bound to the
  endoplasmic reticulum

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Nucleoid

• Contains the genetic material of prokaryotes
• Recall prokaryotes do not have nuclei

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Nucleus

• Structure that contains the cells genetic
  material
• Controls cell activity
• Only found in eukaryotes

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Nucleolus

• Small, dense region within nucleus
• Where protein production begins

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Nuclear Membrane, Nuclear Pores, Nucleoplasm

• Nuclear Membrane layer that surrounds the
  nucleus
• Separates protects the nucleus
• Nuclear Pores channels that regulate the
  transport of molecules across the membrane
• Nucleoplasm fluid
• inside of the nucleus

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Mitochondria

• Converts chemical energy from food into compounds
  usable by the cell
• AKA the powerhouse of the cell
• Makes ATP

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough ER makes proteins
• Contains ribosomes
• Connected to the nucleus
• Smooth ER carb/lipid
• synthesis, detoxification
• No ribosomes

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Vesicles

• Small bubble
• Transport materials within the cell

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Lysosomes Peroxisomes

• Lysosome small organelle filled with enzymes to
  break down certain materials within the cell
• Peroxisome small organelle that contains
  catalase
• breaks down hydrogen peroxide
• 2 H2O2 ? 2 H2O O2

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Golgi Apparatus

• Modify, sort, and package proteins
• Vesicles fuse on pinch off

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Cytoskeleton

• Network of protein filaments
• Maintains cell shape
• Helps with cell movement

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Cytoskeleton Filaments

• Microtubules largest
• Involved in cell division
• Intermediate Filaments provide support
• hold organelles into place
• Organize cells into tissues
• Microfilaments smallest
• Makes striations of skeletal
• muscle tissue

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Flagella Cilia

• Flagella whip-like appendages used for
  propulsion
• Cilia short, hair-like projections that aid in
  movement

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Centrosomes Centrioles

• Structures that help organize cell division
• Centrosome is made up of two centrioles
• Centrioles not found in plant cells

Centrosome
2 Centrioles
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Cell Wall

• Rigid outer layer of the cell that supports the
  membrane
• Found in plants, algae, some bacteria

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Central Vacuole

• Large cavity in plant cells
• Stores food, water, or metabolic waste
• Maintains turgor pressure

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Chloroplasts

• Found in photosynthetic organisms
• Site of photosynthesis
• Captures light energy and convert it into
  chemical energy

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Theory of Endosymbiosis

• Eukaryotic cells arose from living communities
  formed by prokaryotic cells
• Mitochondria chloroplasts were once free-living
  prokaryotic cells
• Evidence 1. They both contain their own DNA
• 2. They both have ribosomes
• 3. They divide by mitosis

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