Mathematics Used in Chemistry

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Chapter 1Matter, Measurements, and Calculations
Suggested Problems 1.7, 1.9, 1.19, 1.23, 1.33,
1.47, 1.49, 1.55, 1.61, 1.63, 1.67, 1.69, 1.71,
1.73, 1.81, 1.85, 1.89, 1.91, 1.97, 1.99, 1.107,
1.111
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Chemistry

• Chemistry Is the scientific study of matter and
  the changes matter undergo
• Chemistry is the foundation for many other
  scientific disciplines

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What is Matter?

• Definition Anything that has mass and occupies
  space (________)
• Examples of Matter
• Atoms Fe, C, Na, Pb
• Compounds NaCl, Fe2O3
• Molecules H2O, C12H22O11
• What about Air? Is it Matter? (________)

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Properties of Matter

• Property scientific word used to describe an
  objects characteristics
• All properties are divided into two main
  categories
• Physical
• Chemical

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Physical Properties

• Definition Properties that can be observed or
  measured without changing the composition of the
  matter
• Examples
• Color, Size, Shape, Texture
• Boiling Point , Melting Point, Mass, Volume
• Density

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Chemical Property

• Definition Properties exhibited by matter when
  an attempt is made to change the matter into
  another substance
• Examples
• Flamability, Reactivity

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Physical and Chemical Changes

• These are really another way of stating/thinking
  about physical and chemical properties
• Examples
• Breaking a baseball bat (_________)
• Baking Bread (________)
• Boiling Water (__________)
• Freezing Water (_________)
• Remember it is the composition of the matter that
  is important not what it is called

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Categorizing Matter

• There are four states of matter
• (___________)
• (___________)
• (___________)
• (___________)
• Plasma ionized gas (containing positive ions and
  electrons)

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States of Matter

• Solid
• Definite volume and shape
• Liquid
• Definite volume but not shape
• Takes the shape of its container
• Gas
• No definite volume or shape
• Will not only take the shape of its container it
  will fill it completely

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States of Matter

• Microscopic view of matter
• Solid Liquid Gas

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Definitions

• Atoms
• Basic building block of matter
• Element
• Pure substance comprised of a single type of atom

Element Ga Melting Point 86 oF
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Definitions

• Compound pure substances that are comprised of
  more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by
  mass
• Example
• NaCl
• Always one sodium atom with one chlorine atom

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Definitions

• Molecule groups of atoms chemically bonded
  together into a discrete unit
• H2O
• A glass of water contains many water molecules
• A water molecule is composed of 2 hydrogens and
  one oxygen atom
• Can an element be a molecule? (____)

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Classifying Molecules

• H2, O2, F2, Br2, I2, N2, and Cl2,
• HOFBrINCl
• Diatomic Molecules
• Made of two atoms
• Homoatomic
• Contains only one type of atom

• CO2, H2O, H2S
• Triatomic
• Made of three atoms
• Heteroatomic
• Contain two or more types of atoms

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Classifying Molecules

• S8, C6H12O6
• Polyatomic Molecules
• Made of more than three atoms
• Can be heteroatomic or homoatomic

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Measurement Units

• Qualitative properties can be assesed without
  measurement
• Example
• An apple is red
• Sandpaper is rough
• Some properties require measurement
• These are called (___________) properties

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Measurement

• True or False?
• The predicted high temperature for today is 35.5
• A measurement requires both a numerical value and
  proper (_________)

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Units

• Earliest Units were based on the dimensions of
  the human body
• The cubit
• Length along the forearm to the tip of the middle
  finger
• Problem
• Not all humans are the same size
• Scientist need a standard system of measurements

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Units of Measurement

• Around the time of the French Revolution a
  standard system of units was developed in France
• This system is called the (______) system
• The metric system has been adopted and used by
  most nations in the world including the U.S.
• In 1960 scientific measurements were further
  standardized by adopting certain units for
  specific measurements
• These units are known as the SI units

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SI Units of Measurement

Base quantity Name Symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram       kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature       kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
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Common Metric System Prefixes
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Practice Problem

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Commonly Measured Values Volume

• Basic Shapes
• Cube
• Rectangle
• Sphere
• Cylinder

L x L x L
L x W x H
4/3(?r3)
?r2h
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Volume

• Measuring Volume
• Used when object has an irregular shape

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Commonly Measured ValuesMass vs. Weight

• Mass is the amount of matter an object has
• This is the value you get by putting objects on a
  balance
• Weight is a measurement of the force exerted on
  an object by gravity
• W mass x gravity

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Practice Problem

• An cylindrical object with a radius of 4.02 cm
  and a height of 6 cm has a mass of 2.2 lbs. What
  is the density of this object in g/cm3? (Hint 1
  pound equals 454 grams)

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Commonly Measured ValuesTemperature

• Common Formulas Needed for temperature
  conversions

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Common Temperatures
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Practice Problem

• I measured the temperature in the lab yesterday
  to be 13C. What is this temperature in
  Fahrenheit?

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Significant Figures and Scientific Notation

• All nonzero digits are significant
• Zeros between significant figures are significant
• Other zeros are significant if they are both
• To the right of a significant figure
• To the right of a decimal point

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