The Developing Person

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The Developing Person

• he allowed himself to be swayed by his
  conviction that human beings are not born once
  and for all on the day their mothers give birth
  to them, but that life obliges them over and over
  again to give birth to themselves.
• Gabriel Garcia Marquez

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Developmental Psychology

• Studies physical, cognitive psychosocial
  changes across the life span
• Two methods of conducting research
• Longitudinal research
• Study the same participants over a long
• period of time
• Problems expensive and possible drop-outs
• Cross-sectional research
• Groups of Ps, of different ages, studied at same
  time
• Problem cohort peculiarities

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Physical Development - Prenatal

• Zygote stage conception to week 2
• Moves to embryonic stage when multicell ball
  attaches to uterine wall
• Embryonic stage end of wk 2 to wk 8
• Genes are in the background directing progress
• Boys become boys when testosterone is secreted,
  producing male sex organs
• Fetal stage end of wk 8 to birth
• Movement felt by mom by 4th month
• By 7th most everything is developed
• Focus is on growth!

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Physical Development

• Premature birth
• Smaller in weight, though not always in length
• Less physically cognitively developed
• Usually up to 2 months early still has a fighting
  chance
• Teratogens
• Noxious substance or factors that can disrupt
  prenatal development
• X-rays disrupt development of brain cells
• Drugs abnormal physical psychological
  development
• Alcohol FAS mental retardation, facial
  disfigurement

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Physical Development

• Infancy birth to 2 yrs
• Babies are born to survive
• Rooting reflex
• Cry when hungry, smile to reinforce closeness of
  caregiver
• Quickly learn to recognize mothers smell, voice,
  and face
• Perception
• Newborns cant focus on distant objects
• Visual cliff (see page 167 in book)
• Depth perception develops between 4th 6th month
• Motor development
• Cephalocaudal trend (head to foot growth and
  motor control)
• Proximodistal trend (center out growth and motor
  control)

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History of Developmental ?

• Medieval Times (500 1500 AD)
• Preformationism Children were viewed as
  miniature adults
• Reformation (1500s)
• Puritanism Children are born evil and stubborn
• Enlightenment (1600s and 1700s)
• John Locke tabula rasa
• Rousseau children are noble savages
• Darwin (1800s)
• Ontogeny Phylogeny, and Baby Biographies
• Logs of infant development
• Focus on maturation development

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History of Developmental ?

• 1890s
• G. Stanley Hall
• Founder of child psychology
• Focus on heredity
• 1920s
• Remember behaviorism?
• 1950s
• First look at other ages in the lifespan (Erikson
  Piaget)
• 1960s
• Behavioral genetics
• How heredity life experience interact in
  affecting development
• Ex divorce, empathy, attachment styles

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Notes
Does Physical Development occur in
stages? Prenatal Development 1.Germinal Stage
- First 2 weeks 2.Embryonic Stage - 2 weeks to
2 months 3.Fetal Stage - 3rd month to birth
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Notes
Reflexes

• Rooting Sucking Reflex
• Withdrawal Reflex
• Startle or Moro Reflex
• Grasp or Palmer Reflex
• Babinski Reflex
• Sphincter Reflex
• Sneezing, Coughing, Yawning, Blinking

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Stages of Child Development
For each behavior listed below, guess the
approximate age at which a child performs the
behavior. __________ 1. Distinguishes between
self and what is not self __________ 2. Forms
social attachment to primary caregiver __________
3. Can dress him or herself alone __________ 4.
Can run, climb, and throw a ball __________ 5.
Can distinguish a sweet taste from a bitter
taste __________ 6. Is toilet trained __________
7. Wants to go out and play with other
children __________ 8. Awareness of object
permanence
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Stages of Child Development
For each behavior listed below, guess the
approximate age at which a child performs the
behavior. __________ 9. Grasps the concept of
conservation of number __________ 10. Grasps the
concept of conservation of volume __________ 11.
Begins to understand simple cause-and-effect
relationships __________ 12. Plays
pat-a-cake __________ 13. Has a vocabulary of
around 1,000 words __________ 14. Can sit up
with some support __________ 15. Can walk
alone __________ 16. Recognizes household
members
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Stages of Child Development
Answers 1. 1 year
9. 6 years 2. 6 months
10. 11 years 3. 6 years
11. 1-2 years 4. 4 years
12. 9-12
months 5. Newborn
13. 3 years 6.1 1/2 years
14. 4 months 7. 4-5 years
15. 15 months 8. 1 year
16. 3-6 months
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Piaget
Operating on the Mind
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Piaget

• A proponent of the belief that intelligence
  develops qualitatively with age, as well as
  quantitatively
• Genetic Epistemology
• Intellect develops in gradual stages, much as the
  body does
• Hence the term genetic does not refer to our
  genes influence on our intelligence but rather
  as a reference to development

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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Dev.

• Themes of cognitive development
• Schemas
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Sensorimotor
• Birth to 2 years
• Learn to coordinate sensory experience motor
  behavior
• Object constancy (a.k.a. object permanence)

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Object Permanence
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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Dev.

• Preoperational
• Age 2 to 7 years
• Language more sophisticated but still have
  trouble with mental manipulation of information
• Cant engage in certain mental operations
• Conservation
• Reversible mental representations
• Egocentrism

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Conservation
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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Dev.

• Concrete Operational
• Age 7 to 11 years
• Child learns to logically reason about objects
• Understands
• Conservation (can make transitive inferences)
• Formal Operational
• Adolescent reasons in more abstract,
• idealistic and logical ways

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Piagets 4 stages
Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational Stage
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
(birth to 2 years)
(2 to 6 years)
Stage
Stage
(6 to 12 years)
(12 to adulthood)
Thinking is displayed in
Beginning of symbolic
Ability to understand
Thinking becomes more
action, such as the
representation. Language
conservation problems.
abstract and hypothetical.
grasping, sucking, and
first appears child begins
Ability to think of several
The individual can
looking schemes. Child
to draw pictures that
dimensions or features at
consider many alternative
gradually learns to
represent things. Child
the same time. Child can
solutions to a problem,
discover the location of
cannot represent a series
now do elementary
make deductions,
hidden objects at about
of actions in his or her
arithmetic problems, such
contemplate the future,
eighteen months, when
head in order to solve
as judging the quantity of
and formulate personal
the concept of object
problems.
liquid containers and
ideals and values.
permanence is fully
checking addition of
understood.
numbers by subtraction.
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Piagets 4 stages (1)
Sensorimotor Stage (birth to
2 years)
Thinking is displayed in action, such as the
grasping, sucking, and looking schemes. Child
gradually learns to discover the location of
hidden objects at about eighteen months, when the
concept of object permanence is fully understood.
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Piagets 4 stages (2)
Preoperational Stage (2 to 6
years)
Beginning of symbolic representation. Language
first appears child begins to draw pictures that
represent things. Child cannot represent a
series of actions in his or her head in order to
solve problems.
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Cut it up into a LOT of slices Mom, Im really
hungry!
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Piagets 4 stages (3)
Concrete Operational Stage
(6 to 12 years)
Ability to understand conservation problems.
Ability to think of several dimensions or
features at the same time. Child can now do
elementary arithmetic problems, such as judging
the quantity of liquid containers and checking
addition of numbers by subtraction
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Piagets 4 stages (4)
Formal Operational Stage (12 years to
adulthood)
Thinking becomes more abstract and hypothetical.
The individual can consider many alternative
solutions to a problem, make deductions,
contemplate the future, and formulate personal
ideals and values.
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PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A SENSORIMOTOR B PREOPERATIONAL C
CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL D FORMAL-OPERATIONAL ___
1. Artificialism ___ 6.
Animism ___ 2. Subjective moral judgements
___ 7. Conservation ___ 3.
Abstract thinking
___ 8. Assimilation of novel stimulation

to ready-made schemes ___ 4.
Object permanence
___ 9. Objective moral judgements ___ 5.
Children emerge as theoretical scientists
___ 10. Reversibility
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PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Answers 1. B 6. B 2. C 7. C 3.
D 8. A 4. A 9. B 5. D 10. C
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Question ????
Question - Why does a 1 year old child like
playing peek-a-boo, but a 7 year old child thinks
the game is silly?
Answer - Object Permanence
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OBJECT PERMANENCE and CONSERVATION
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Object Permanence and Conservation
1.The following demonstrations will be aided by
the presence of two children, one about eight
months old and one about seven years old.
However, they can easily be done without any
subjects. 2.Hold up the handkerchief and the
keys. Place the keys under the handkerchief and
say If I asked you where the keys are, you would
know, of course. But consider the stages an
infant must go through to find the hidden
object.
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Object Permanence and Conservation
STAGE 1 (FROM BIRTH TO ABOUT A MONTH) An
infants eyes do not (and may be unable to)
follow the object, even as you move it in front
of the infants face.
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Object Permanence and Conservation
STAGE 2 (ABOUT 1 TO 4 MONTHS) An infants eyes
can follow a moving object, but to the infant the
object does not exist if it is not visible if,
for example, it is under the handkerchief. Out of
sight is out of mind.
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Object Permanence and Conservation
STAGE 3 (4 MONTHS TO ALMOST A YEAR) The infant
will search for a missing object in the place
where the object usually appears. For example, if
you put the keys in the palm of your hand, close
your hand, and then open your hand, and then open
it and close it again, the infant will look for
the keys in your hand. But if you put the keys
under the handkerchief, the infant will still
look in your hand.
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Object Permanence and Conservation
STAGE 4 (ABOUT A YEAR) At this stage the infant
will learn the concept of object permanence and
search for the keys under the handkerchief.
Until the infant learns this concept, nothing
exists outside the infants field of vision.
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Object Permanence and Conservation
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Piagets 4 stages
Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational Stage
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
(birth to 2 years)
(2 to 6 years)
Stage
Stage
(6 to 12 years)
(12 to adulthood)
Thinking is displayed in
Beginning of symbolic
Ability to understand
Thinking becomes more
action, such as the
representation. Language
conservation problems.
abstract and hypothetical.
grasping, sucking, and
first appears child begins
Ability to think of several
The individual can
looking schemes. Child
to draw pictures that
dimensions or features at
consider many alternative
gradually learns to
represent things. Child
the same time. Child can
solutions to a problem,
discover the location of
cannot represent a series
now do elementary
make deductions,
hidden objects at about
of actions in his or her
arithmetic problems, such
contemplate the future,
eighteen months, when
head in order to solve
as judging the quantity of
and formulate personal
the concept of object
problems.
liquid containers and
ideals and values.
permanence is fully
checking addition of
understood.
numbers by subtraction.
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KOHLBERG is holding a CONVENTION on MORALS
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Question ????
In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer.
One drug might save her, a form of radium that a
druggist in the same town had recently
discovered. The druggist was charging 2,000, ten
times what the drug cost him to make. The sick
womans husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew
to barrow the money, but could only get together
about half of what it cost. He told the druggist
that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it
cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist
said, no The husband got desperate and broke
into the mans store to steal the drug for his
wife.(Kohlberg 1969) 1.Should the husband have
done that? 2.Why?
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Kohlbergs Moral Development stages
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THE GOLDEN RULE
Do unto others as you would have others do unto
you!
Is this an example of a moral rule of conduct
that is universal?
BUDDHISM Hurt not others with that which pains
yourself.
Hinduism This is the sum of duty do not to
others which if done to thee, would cause thee
pain.
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(No Transcript)
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Examples of Kohlbergs ideas in U.S.
Congressional Debates
The following are actual quotations from U.S.
debates on a resolution supporting the
administrations policy on Iraqs invasion of
Kuwait.
Arguments Against U.S. Involvement
We shouldnt consider warbecause it would hurt
our economy. (1)
because well have more money for domestic
issues (2)
because we dont want to appear too
militaristic. (3)
because war is killing and killing is against
the law. (4)
even though the situation is bad, war is
damaging to people and property and society
agrees that is bad (5)
although atrocities have been committed, it
would be an even greater atrocity to wage war
(6)
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Examples of Kohlbergs ideas in U.S.
Congressional Debates continued
Arguments For U.S. Involvement
We should consider oil because our oil is
threatened(1)
because we can gain security of the oil supply
(2)
because we dont want the world to see us as
weak (3)
because the U.N. has laid down written
resolutions which should be upheld (4)
the situation is extreme enough that societys
rights are threatened and need to be define(5)
Evil is on the march, and it would be morally
wrong to allow it to continue(6)
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Erikson
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Erikson
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Erikson
APPROX. AGE
CRISIS NAME
CRISIS DESCRIPTION
The teenager tries to develop her own separate
ADOLESCENCE
IDENTITY
identity while fitting-in with her friends.
VS.
Failure leads to confusion over who she is.
ROLE CONFUSION
A person secure in his own identity can proceed
EARLY
INTIMACY
to an intimate partnership in which he makes
ADULTHOOD
VS.
compromises for another. The isolated person
ISOLATION
may have many affairs or even a long-term
relationship but always avoids true closeness.
A person who becomes stagnated is absorbed in
MIDDLE AGE
GENERATIVITY
herself and tries to hang onto the past.
VS.
Generativity involves a productive life that will
STAGNATION
serve as an example to the next generation.
Some people look back over life with a sense of
LATER
INTEGRITY
satisfaction and accept both the bad and the
ADULTHOOD
VS.
good. Others face death with nothing but regrets.
DESPAIR
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ERIK ERIKSON - PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
1. According to Erikson, most adolescents are in
a stage labeled 2. What does Erikson mean by
generativity? 3. During which stage does a child
learn self-assertion? 4. At what age do most
children begin to take pride in their own
competence? 5. What did Erikson mean by
isolation? 6. What is the positive outcome of
the stage that Erikson calls TRUST vs.
MISTRUST? 7. According to Erikson, what are the
challenges that a young adult must face? Do you
agree with Eriksons assessement?
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A CLOSER LOOK AT ADOLESCENCE
EGO IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
Erikson Stage 5
CONFLICT WITH THE FAMILY
1. Independence
2. Restrictions
3. Sexual Desires
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Compare Shakespeare with Erikson
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All slides envisioned and brought to be by
Rory Weaver
Class of 2000-2001