??t??e?

1
18

• ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???

• ?d??aµ?a s?es?a??? µ??t????
• ?as???? ?????e? a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???
• ??e??e?t?µata ?a? µe???e?t?µata

2

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• ?? s?es?a?? µ??t??? ap?te?e? a??µ? ?a? s?µe?a t?
  p?? d?aded?µ??? µ??t??? p?? ?p?st????e? t??
  pe??s-s?te?e? efa?µ???? d?a?e???st???? t?p??
  (t?ape???? s?st?µata, s?st?µata ???t?s?? ??se??,
  ??p).
• Ost?s?, ?p?????? s??????e? efa?µ???? p?? ??t???
  µe???e? apa?t?se?? µe ap?t??esµa ? ?p?st????? t??
  efa?µ???? a?t?? ap? t? s?es?a?? µ??t??? ?a e??a?
  a??et? d?s????.
• ?a?ade??µata s???????? efa?µ???? e??a? ta
  s?st?-µata CAD (computer-aided design), GIS
  (geographical information systems) ?a? efa?µ????
  p???µ?s?? (multimedia applications).

3

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• ?? s??????e? efa?µ???? pa???s?????? s?µa?t????
  d?af???? se s??s? µe t?? pa?ad?s?a???
• ta ded?µ??a ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? µe?a??te?? ????
  ?a? µe?a??te?? p???p????t?ta,
• ? d?a?e???s? t?? ded?µ???? apa?te? t?? ???p???s?
  p???p????? a??????µ?? (p.?. t?? e??es? t??
  s??t?µ?te??? d?ad??µ?? se ??a ???t?),
• ta e??t?µata e??a? p?? p???p???a µe ap?t??esµa ?a
  apa?t??? pe??ss?te?? ????? ??a t?? epe?e??as?a
  t???.

4

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• ??e? ep?ßeßa???e? p????? f???? ?t? ta s?es?a??
  S??? de? epa????? ??a t?? ??a??p???s? t??
  s???????? apa?t?se??.
• ?? e??t?µa p?? p????pte? e????a e??a? ??at? ta
  s?es?a?? S??? ad??at??? ?a ?a?????? t?? a????e?
  t?? s???????? efa?µ????
• St? s????e?a pe?????f??ta? µe???? ap? ta
  p??ß??µata p?? eµfa?????ta? ???s?µ?p????ta? ??a
  s?es?a?? S???

5

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• ?d??aµ?a a?apa??stas?? t?? p?a?µat???? ??sµ??. ?
  d?ad??as?a t?? ?a??????p???s?? ?d??e? st?
  d?µ?-?????a s??se?? p?? de? a?t?st?????? se
  ??t?t?te? t?? p?a?µat???? ??sµ??.
• ? ?atateµ???s? t?? ded?µ???? se p?????? p??a?e?
  ?d??e? st?? e?t??es? p????? ?????ß???? p???e??
  s??des??.

6

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• ?µ??????e?a. ?? s?es?a?? µ??t??? ????e? ?t? ???e
  ??aµµ? e??? p??a?a p??pe? ?a ap?te?e?ta? ap? t??
  ?d?e? st??e?, e?? ???e st??? t?? p??a?a p??pe? ?a
  d??eta? t?µ?? ap? t? ?d?? ped?? ???sµ??. ?? d??
  a?t?? ?d??t?te? ?a????ta? ??????t?a ?a? ???et?
  ?µ??????e?a.
• ? d?µ? a?t? t?? p??a?a e??a? a??et? pe?????st???
  ??a a?t??e?µe?a t?? p?a?µat???? ??sµ?? ta ?p??a
  ????? p???p???? d?µ?.

7

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• ?e?????sµ??e? ?e?t?????e?. ?a s?es?a?? S???
  d?a??t??? ??a pe?????sµ??? s????? ?e?t??????? ep?
  t?? ded?µ????, t? ?p??? p??sd?????eta? ap? t??
  SQL.
• S?µe?a apa?te?ta? ? d??at?t?ta ???sµ?? ???? t?p??
  ded?µ???? ?a? ?e?t???????
• µ?a efa?µ??? GIS ??e???eta? ?p?st????? ??a
  ?e?µet???? a?t??e?µe?a (??aµµ??, p??????a) ?a?
  p???e?? µeta?? t?? ?e?µet????? a?t??e?µ????
  (t?µ?? ??aµµ??, ep??????? p???????? ??p.).
• ta pa?ad?s?a?? s?es?a?? S??? de? ep?t??p??? t??
  ???sµ? ???? t?p?? ded?µ???? ?a? ?e?t???????,
  ?p?te ? d?a?e???s? t?? a?t??e?µ???? eµpe????eta?
  st? ?????? t?? efa?µ???? ?a? ??? st? S???.

8

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• S??a??a??? µ????? d????e?a?. ?? s??a??a??? st??
  pa?ad?s?a??? efa?µ???? e??a? s?????? µ?????
  d????e?a? µe ap?t??esµa ?? µ??a??sµ?? ta?t???????
  e?t??es?? (p?. ??e?d?µa d?? f?se??, ????????
  sf?a??de?) ?a e??a? epa??e??.
• ?? ?? s??a??a??? ????? µe???? d????e?a, p???µa
  p?? pa?at??e?ta? se pe??pt?se?? p???p?????
  a?t??e?µ????, ?? a??t??? µ??a??sµ?? de? epa?????.

9

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?d??aµ?a S?es?a??? ???t????

• ?? a??a??? st? s??µa t?? ?? e??a? ?????ß??e?. ??
  apa?t??e? a??a?? st? s??µa t?? ?? ?a p??pe? ?
  d?a?e???st?? ?a d?a???e? p??s????? t? ?e?t?????a
  t?? s?st?µat?? ?a? ep?p???? ta p?????µµata
  efa?µ???? p??pe? ?a d?aµ??f????? a?a?????.

10

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??se??

• ?a p??a?afe????ta p??ß??µata ?d???sa? st? µe??t?
  ???? µe??d?? µ??te??p???s?? ?a? d?a?e?-??s?? ?ste
  ?a e??a? ef??t? ? ap?te?esµat??? ?a? ap?d?t???
  d?a?e???s? t?? s???????? ded?µ????.
• ???? a?t?? t?? ?ate????s? pa?at?????ta? d??
  t?se?? p?? st??????ta? se d?af??et??? f???s?f?a
• st?? efa?µ??? t?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef??? µ??t????
  ded?µ???? (object-oriented data model) ?a? t??
  ???p???s? a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? ?? (object-oriented
  databases),
• st?? ep??tas? t?? s?es?a??? ?? ?ste µ?a s?es?a??
  ß?s? ?a e??a? se ??s? ?a d?a?e????eta? p???p???a
  a?t??e?µe?a. ? t?s? a?t? ?d???se st? d?µ??????a
  t?? a?t??e?µe??-s?es?a??? ?? (object-relational
  databases)

11

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• ?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? µ??t??? ded?µ???? ??e?
  efa?-µ?s?e? µe ep?t???a st?? a?t??e?µe??st?efe??
  ???sse? p????aµµat?sµ?? ?p?? Smalltalk, C ?a?
  Java.
• ? ???p???s? µ?a? efa?µ???? µe µ?a
  a?t??e?µe??st?ef? ???ssa p????aµµat?sµ?? d?af??e?
  s?µa?t??? ap? t?? ???p???s? t?? ?d?a? efa?µ????
  se µ?a d?ad??ast??? ???ssa. ?p?p????, ?? µ???d??
  a????s?? ?a? s?ed?as?? d?af????? ap? t??
  a?t?st???e? ??as???? µe??d???.
• St? s????e?a pa???s?????ta? ?? ßas???? ?????e?
  t?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef??? µ??t???? ded?µ????.

12

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• ??a a?t??e?µe?? ap?te?e? µ?a ??t?t?ta t??
  p?a?µa-t???? ??sµ?? (se a?t?st????a µe t? µ??t???
  ?S).
• ???e a?t??e?µe?? ap?te?e?ta? ap? ?a?a?t???st???.
  ?? s????? t?? t?µ?? t?? ?a?a?t???st???? ?a?e?ta?
  ?at?stas? t?? a?t??e?µ????.
• ??a a?t??e?µe?? ?a?????e? ?a? t?? ep?t?ept??
  e????e?e? p?? µp????? ?a efa?µ?s???? st?
  a?t??e?µe??. ??t? p?a?µat?p??e?ta? µe t? ß???e?a
  µe??d?? µe d??at?t?-ta p??sp??as?? sta
  ?a?a?t???st??? t?? a?t??e?µ????. ?? s????? t??
  µe??d?? ?a?e?ta? s?µpe??f??? t?? a?t??e?µ????.

13

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• ?a?at????µe µ?a s?µa?t??? d?af??? se s??s? µe
  t?? d?ad??ast???? ???sse? p????aµµat?sµ??, ?p??
  ded?µ??a ?a? µ???d?? ??????ta? ?e????st?. ?
  ?d??t?ta a?t? t?? a?t??e?µ???? ?a?e?ta?
  e???????s? (encapsulation).
• ? p??sp??as? t?? ded?µ???? e??? a?t??e?µ????
  p?a?µat?p??e?ta? µ??? µ?s? t?? µe??d??. ?ts?
  ap?t??peta? ? a??a?? t?? ?a?a?t???st????
  ape??e?a? ap? ???? a?t??e?µe?? ?a? ep?t?????eta?
  ap?????? p????f????? (information hiding).

14

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• ??t??e?µe?a µe ta ?d?a ?a?a?t???st??? ?a?
  µe??d??? s??µat????? µ?a ???s? a?t??e?µ????
  (object class).
• ?? ???e a?t??e?µe?? ap?te?e? ??a st??µ??t?p? t??
  ???s?? ?p?? a???e?.
• ? d?????s? t?? a?t??e?µ???? µeta?? t???
  p?a?µat?-p??e?ta? µe t? ???s? t?? ta?t?t?ta?
  a?t??e?µ???? (object identifier), ? ?p??a e??a?
  µ??ad??? ??a ???e a?t??e?µe?? ?a? p?t? de?
  epa?a???s?µ?p??e?ta?.

15

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???
16

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• G?a t?? ???sµ? e??? s??µat?? ?? apa?t???ta?
  s?????? p????? ???se?? a?t??e?µ????. ?? ?a?
  µp??e? d?? ? pe??ss?te?e? ???se?? ?a e??a?
  d?af??et???? µeta?? t???, e??a? d??at?? ?a ?????
  ?a? a??et? ????? ?a?a?t???st??? ?a? µe??d???.
• ? ???????µ???t?ta (inheritance) ep?t??pe? se d??
  ???se?? ?a µ???????ta? ?a?a?t???st??? ?a?
  µe??d???. ?ta? µ?a ???s? ? ???????µe? t?? ???s?
  ?, t?te t? s????? t?? ?a?a?t???st???? t?? ? e??a?
  ?pe?s????? t?? s?????? t?? ?a?a?t???st???? t?? A
  (t? ?d?? ?s??e? ?a? ??a t?? µe??d???).

17

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• G?a pa??de??µa, ?st?sa? ?? ???se?? ?p???????
  (employee), ????t?? (salesperson) ?a?
  ?????aµµa-t?st?? (programmer) µ?a? ?? p??
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?? es?te???? ??????s? t??
  eta??e?a?. ???fa??? ??a? p???t?? e??a? ep?s?? ?a?
  ?p???????, ??a ?? ???se?? ?p??????? ?a? ????t??
  ?a ????? a??et? ????? ?a?a?t???st??? ?a?
  µe??d???. ?? ?d?? ?a ?s??e? ??a t?? ???se??
  ?p??????? ?a? ?????aµµat?st??.

18

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???
19

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• ?e t? ???s? t?? ???????µ???t?ta? µp????µe ?a
  ?atas?e??s??µe µ?a ?e?a???a e?e?d??e?s??
  (specia-lization hierarchy), ? ?p??a s??d?e? t??
  ???se?? ?? p??? t?? ???????µ???t?ta.
• G?a ?a d???s??µe ?t? ? ???s? B e??a? e?d???
  pe??pt?s? t?? ???s?? A ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ? ????
  ISA ( ? ISA A), ?p?? a???ß?? ?a? st? µ??t??? ?S.

20

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???
21

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???

• ??a? ????? t?p?? ?e?a?????? d?µ?? p??
  ???s?µ?p??-e?ta? s???? ??a t?? a?apa??stas? t??
  p?a?µat???? ??sµ?? e??a? ? ?e?a???a s?µpe???????
  (containment hierarchy), ? ?p??a ????e? ?t? ??a
  a?t??e?µe?? ap?te?e? tµ?µa e??? ?????
  a?t??e?µ????. ? s??s? a?t? µeta?? t??
  a?t??e?µ???? d????eta? µe t? IS-PART-OF.
• ? ?e?a???a s?µpe??????? ?d??e? se s???eta
  (complex) a?t??e?µe?a µe ap?t??esµa ??p??a ap? ta
  ?a?a?t???st??? e??? a?t??e?µ???? ?a e??a? ?a?
  a?t? a?t??e?µe?a.

22

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???t???
23

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ??a a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? S??? (OODB?S) e??a? ??a
  S??? p?? ???s?µ?p??e? ?? ß?s? t?
  a?t??e?µe??st?e-f?? µ??t??? ded?µ????.
• ? ??e??a ?a? ? a??pt??? t?? s?st?µ?t?? a?t?? ??e?
  ep??eas?e? se µe???? ßa?µ? ap? t? ???? t??
  a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???ss?? p????aµµat?sµ??.
• ? a??pt??? t?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???
  p?a?µat?p??e?ta? µe t?? p??s???? t?? ?at???????
  ?e?t???????t?ta? se µ?a a?t??e?µe??st?ef? ???ssa
  p????aµµat?sµ??.

24

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ?? ßas???? d??at?t?te? p?? p??pe? ?a ??e? ??a
  a?t?-?e?µe??st?ef?? S??? p??sd???????ta? s?µf??a
  µe d?? ???t???a
• p??pe? t? s?st?µa ?a e??a? a?t??e?µe??st?ef??,
  ?a?
• p??pe? ?a pa???e? ??e? t?? d??at?t?te? e??? S???.
  
• ?? d??at?t?te? a?t?? a?a????ta? st?
  object-oriented database system manifesto
  Atkinson 1989 ?a? e??a? s??????? de?at?e??. ??
  p??te? ??t? af????? st?? ?p?st????? t??
  a?t??e?µe??st?ef??? µ??t???? ded?µ????. ??
  ?p????pe? p??te d??at?t?te? af????? st?
  ?e?t???????t?ta t?? S??? ?a? ????? ?? e???

25

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ?p????e?s? a?t??e?µ????.
• ??a?e???s? µe????? ?? (apa?te?ta? ap?te?esµat???
  d?a?e???s? de?te?e???sa? µ??µ??).
• ?pe?e??as?a e??t?µ?t??.
• S???????sµ?? ta?t??????? p??spe??se?? se
  a?t??e?µe?a.
• ?pa???t?s? ded?µ????.

26

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ??a a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? ???ssa p????aµµat?sµ?? de?
  ??e? d??at?t?ta d?at???s?? (persistence) t??
  a?t??e?µ????. ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? µet? t??
  te?µat?sµ? t?? efa?µ???? ta a?t??e?µe?a
  ?atast??f??ta? ?a? de? e??a? d?a??s?µa se ????
  efa?µ???.
• ?? ?e????? a?t? ?d???se st? µe??t? d?at???s?µ??
  ???ss?? p????aµµat?sµ?? µe d??at?t?te?
  d?at???-s?? t?? a?t??e?µ????, ?ste ?a e??a?
  d?a??s?µa µet? t? t???? t?? efa?µ????.
• ??t? ep?t??pe? se p????? efa?µ???? ?a ?????
  p??sßas? sta ?d?a a?t??e?µe?a d?e????????ta? t??
  a??pt??? a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???.

27

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
G??sse? ??t??e?µ????

• ? ???ssa ???sµ?? a?t??e?µ???? (ODL, object
  defini-tion language) e??a? µ?a ???ssa ???sµ??
  p??d?a??af?? t?p?? a?t??e?µ???? ??a s?st?µata p??
  ?p?st??????? t?? d??at?t?te? p?? ??e? p??te??e? ?
  ODMG.
• ? ßas???? st???? t?? ???ssa? e??a? ? ep?te??? t??
  µetafe?s?µ?t?ta? (portability) ?? p??? t? s??µa
  t?? ?? ?ts? ?ste ?a e??a? d??at? ? p??sp??as? t??
  ded?µ???? µeta?? d?af??et???? a?t??e?µe??st?ef??
  S???.

28

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
G??sse? ??t??e?µ????
29

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
G??sse? ??t??e?µ????

• ? ???ssa e??t?µ?t?? a?t??e?µ???? (OQL, object
  query language) e??a? µ?a d???t??? ???ssa
  ?e???sµ?? ded?µ????, ? ?p??a µ????e? p??? st?
  s??ta?? t?? ???ssa? SQL t?? s?es?a??? S???.
• ? OQL µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ?? a?t???µ? ???ssa
  e??t?µ?t?? ? ?a e?s?µat??e? se ??p??a ???? ???ssa
  p????aµµat?sµ?? (C, Java).
• ?as???? st???? t?? OQL e??a? ? ap?? d?at?p?s?
  e??t?µ?t?? se a?t??e?µe??st?ef? ?? µe t??p?
  pa??µ??? µe a?t?? t?? SQL.

30

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
G??sse? ??t??e?µ????

• ? OQL µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ??a s?s?et?st???
  p??sp??as? ? ??a p?????t??? p??sp??as?
• ? s?s?et?st??? p??sp??as? (associative access)
  ep?st??fe? ??a s????? a?t??e?µ???? t?? ??. ?
  t??p?? e?t?p?sµ?? ?a? ep?st??f?? t?? a?t??e?µ????
  a???e? st?? e????? t?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef??? S???.
• ?at? t?? p?????t??? p??sp??as? (navigational
  access) ???e f??? p?a?µat?p??e?ta? p??sp??as? se
  ??a a?t??e?µe?? ?a? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?? desµ??
  p?? ?p?????? µeta?? t?? a?t?-?e?µ???? ??a ?a
  µetaß??µe ap? ??a a?t??e?µe?? se ????.

31

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
G??sse? ??t??e?µ????

• ?st? ?t? ??t??µe ta ???µata ?a? t?? ?d??? ??a ??a
  ta ?p??atast?µata p?? ß??s???ta? st? Tessa??????.
  St? ep?µe?? pa??de??µa, ? ?µ???t?ta t?? OQL µe
  t?? SQL e??a? saf??. ?? a?t?st???? e??t?µa ??e?
  ?? e???
• SELECT b.name, b.address
• FROM b IN branches
• WHERE b.address.city Tessa??????

32

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
G??sse? ??t??e?µ????

• ?? e?et?s??µe ??a pa??de??µa µe pe??ss?te?e? ap?
  µ?a ???se?? a?t??e?µ????. ?st? ?t? a?a??t??µe ta
  ep??eta t?? ?pa?????? p?? e??????ta? se ??a ta
  ?p??atast?µata t?? ??e?a?d???p????. ?? a?t?st????
  e??t?µa ??e? ?? e???
• SELECT e.name.last-name
• FROM b IN branches, e IN branches.WorksAt
• WHERE b.address.city ??e?a?d???p???

33

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?esµe?se?? ODMG C

• ?? desµe?se?? (bindings) ??????? t?? a?t?st????s?
  t?? d?µ?? t?? ???ssa? ???sµ?? a?t??e?µ???? st??
  d?µ?? µ?a? s???e???µ???? ???ssa? p????aµµat?sµ??.
  
• ?? desµe?se?? d?e????????? t?? p????aµµat?st?
  efa?µ???? d??t? ?ts? ???s?µ?p??e? µ?a ???ssa
  p????aµµat?sµ?? ?a? ??? d?? d?af??et????.
• ?? ???sse? ??a t?? ?p??e? pa?????ta? desµe?se??
  ap? t?? ODMG e??a? ?? Smalltalk, C ?a? Java.
  ?d? est?????µe st?? desµe?se?? ??a t? ???ssa C.

34

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?esµe?se?? ODMG C

• ?a???eta? µ?a ß?ß??????? ???se?? C ??a t??
  ???p???s? t?? d?µ?? t?? ODMG ODL.
• ? ß?ß??????? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ap? t? p????aµµa
  efa?µ???? ??a t?? p??sp??as? t?? a?t??e?µ????
  a?????a µe t? ?????? t?? efa?µ????.
• ? ???s? t?? ß?ß???????? ap?t??pe? t? s?µa?t???
  a??a?? t?? d?µ?? ?a? t?? s??ta?t???? t?? ???ssa?
  C ??a t?? ?p?st????? t?? d?at???s?µ?t?ta? t??
  a?t??e?µ????.
• ?? p????aµµa efa?µ????, t? ?p??? e??a? ??aµµ???
  se C, ???s?µ?p??e? t? ???ssa ?e???sµ??
  a?t??e?µ???? (object manipulation language, OML),
  ? ?p??a ?a????-?e? t?? t??p? p??sp??as?? t??
  a?t??e?µ???? t?? ??.

35

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?esµe?se?? ODMG C
36

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?esµe?se?? ODMG C
37

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?esµe?se?? ODMG C

• ?a??de??µa ???s?? desµe?se?? ??a e?sa???? ????
  branch

38

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??e??e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ???s??µ??e? d??at?t?te? µ??te??p???s??
• t? a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? µ??t??? ded?µ???? ep?t??pe?
  t?? a?apa??stas? t?? p?a?µat???? ??sµ?? µe
  µe?a??te?? a???ße?a ap? t? s?es?a?? µ??t???,
• ? ?????a t?? a?t??e?µ???? p?? pe???aµß??e?
  ded?µ??a ?a? µe??d??? a?tap?????eta? pe??ss?te??
  st?? p?a?µat???t?ta,
• µe t?? ?e?a???e? e?e?d??e?s?? ?a? s?µpe???????
  µ??te??-p?????ta? s?et??? e????a a??µ? ?a?
  p???p???e? ??t?t?te? t?? p?a?µat???? ??sµ??.

39

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??e??e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ?pe?tas?µ?t?ta
• se ??a a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? S??? µp????µe ?a
  ???s??µe ??e? ???se?? a?t??e?µ????
  ???s?µ?p????ta? t?? ?p?????se?,
• µe t? ???s? t?? ap??? ?a? t?? p???ap???
  ???????µ???t?ta? ?a? t?? efa?µ??? t??
  p???µ??f?sµ?? µp????µe ?a pa?????µe ??e? ???se??
  a?t??e?µ???? p?? ???????µ??? ?a?a?t???st??? ?a?
  µe??d??? ????? ???se??,
• ?ts? ap?fe??eta? ? epa?????? t?? ???sµ??
  ?a?a?t???st?-??? ?a? µe??d?? p?? ????? ?d?
  ???s?e? se ???e? ???se??.

40

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??e??e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ??????? s??µat?? ??
• ?? d??at?t?te? t?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef??? µ??t????
  ded?-µ???? ?a? ?? e?????e? p?? pa???e? t? S???
  µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? ??a t?? e?????? t??
  s??µat?? (schema evolution) t?? ?? ,
• ? e?????? t?? s??µat?? e??a? a??et? d?s???? sta
  s?es?a?? s?st?µata, d??t? ep?f??e? p????? a??a???
  st? ?????? t?? efa?µ????.

41

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
??e??e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ?p?st????? s??a??a??? µe????? d????e?a?
• ? t??p?? d?a?e???s?? ?at? t?? e?t??es? t??
  ta?t??????? s??a??a??? ap? ta s?es?a?? s?st?µata
  ?d??e? se pe?????-sµ??? ap?d?s? ?ta? ??
  s??a??a??? ????? µe???? d????e?a,
• ta a?t??e?µe??st?ef? s?st?µata ???p?????
  d?af??et????? µ??a??sµ??? µe ap?t??esµa ??
  s??a??a??? µe????? d????e?a? ?a e?te????ta? p??
  ap?d?t???.

42

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?e???e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ???e??? ?a????sµ???? µ??t????
• pa?? ta p?e??e?t?µata t?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef???
  µ??t???? de? ?p???e? ??p??? s???e???µ??? p??t?p?
  p?? ?a a??????e?ta? ap? ????? t??? ?atas?e?ast??
  s?st?µ?t??,
• t? µ??t??? p?? ??e? p??te??e? ? ODMG ??e?
  ?a??e???e? ?? de facto p??t?p?.

43

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?e???e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ????p????t?ta
• ?? µ??a??sµ?? ap????e?s?? a?t??e?µ????,
  d?a?e???s?? s??a??a???, e??????? s??µat?? t??
  ß?s?? ?a? epe?e??as?a? e??t?µ?t?? e??a? a??et?
  p???p?????,
• ? p???p????t?ta a?t? ?d??e? st?? ???p???s?
  s?st?µ?t?? p?? e??a? p?? apa?t?t??? ?a?
  d?s????te?a st? d?a?e???s? t???.

44

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?e???e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ? ße?t?st?p???s? e??t?µ?t?? ß??pte? t??
  e???????s?
• ? d?ad??as?a t?? ße?t?st?p???s?? e??t?µ?t??
  apa?te? t? ???s? d?af???? p????f????? s?et??? µe
  t? f?s? t?? a?t??e?µ????,
• ??a ?a ?????? ?? p????f???e? a?t?? d?a??s?µe? st?
  ße?t?-st?p???t? e??t?µ?t?? p??pe? ?a e??a? d??at?
  ? ape??e?a? p??sp??as? sta a?t??e?µe?a, ??t? p??
  ?atast?at??e? t?? e???????s?.

45

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
?e???e?t?µata ??t??e?µe??st?ef?? S???

• ???e??? ?p?st?????? ??e??
• p???? ap? ta s??????a a?t??e?µe??st?ef? s?st?µata
  de? ?p?st??????? µ??a??sµ? ??e?? pa?? ta p????
  p?e??e?t?µata p?? p??sf?????.

46

?ef??a?? 18 ??t??e?µe??st?ef? S???
S?????

• ? ad??aµ?a t?? s?es?a??? µ??t???? ??a epa???ß?
  a?apa??stas? t?? p?a?µat???? ??sµ?? ?a?
  ?p?st????? s???????? efa?µ???? ?d???se st??
  ?????t?s? ????? µ??t????.
• ?? a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? µ??t??? ßas??eta? st??
  a?t??e?µe??-st?efe?? ???sse? p????aµµat?sµ?? ?a?
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t? µ??te??p???s? s???et??
  ??t?t?t?? t?? p?a?µat???? ??sµ??.
• ?a a?t??e?µe??st?ef? S??? st??????? t?
  a?t??e?µe??st?ef?? µ??t??? ded?µ???? ?a? ?????
  p????? d??at?t?te? p?? ?e?p??? ap? ta s?es?a??
  S???.
• Ost?s?, pa???s?????? ?a? s?ßa?? µe???e?t?µata p??
  d?s???e???? t?? e??e?a ???s? t??? ap??s?a
  ?a????sµ???? µ??t????, a???µ??? p???p????t?ta,
  ße?t?st?p???s? p?? ß??pte? t?? e???????s?,
  ap??s?a ?p?st?????? ??e??.