??sa????

1
??sa????

• ?? e??a? ??a ?e?t??????? S?st?µa
• ???a e??a? ? ??s? t?? se ??a ?p?????st???
  s?st?µa
• ?? a?µ?d??t?te? ??e? ??a ?.S.
• S??t?µ? ?st???a t?? ?.S.
• ???f???? t?p?? ?.S.

2
?? e??a? ??a ?e?t??????? S?st?µa

• ??a p????aµµa-e?d??µes?? a??µesa st?? ???st? ?a?
  t? ?????.
• St???? t?? ?.S.
• ?a e?te?e? ta p?????µµata ???st? ?a? ?a ???e?
  e?????te?? t?? ep???s? t?? p??ß??µ?t?? t??
  ???st??.
• ?a ???e? t? ?p?????st??? s?st?µa p?? ??et? st?
  ???s?.
• ???s? t?? ?????? t?? ?p?????st? ?at? ??a?
  ap?d?t??? t??p?.

3
S???st?se? e??? ?p?????st???? s?st?µat??

• 1. ????? pa???e? ßas????? ?p?????st????? p?????
  (???, µ??µ?, s?s?e??? ?/?).
• 2. ?e?t??????? s?st?µa e????e? ?a? s??t????e?
  t? ???s? t?? ?????? a??µesa sta d??f??a
  p?????µµata efa?µ???? ??a t??? d??f????? ???ste?.
• 3. ??????µµata efa?µ???? ?a???????? t???
  t??p??? ?at? t??? ?p????? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??
  p???? t?? s?st?µat?? ??a ?a ep??????? ta
  ?p?????st??? p??ß??µata t?? ???st??
  (µeta???tt?st??, s?st?µata ß?se?? ded?µ????,
  pa????d?a, epa??e?µat??? p?????µµata).
• 4. ???ste? - (?????p??, µ??a???, ?????
  ?p?????st??).

4
?f???µ??? ?p??? t?? s???st?s?? e??? s?st?µat??
5
S???st?se? s?st?µat??
???ße? t?? p???p????t?ta t?? ???ssa? µ??a??? ap?
t?? p????aµµat?st?
????te?t????? s?????? e?t????
F?s???? s?s?e??? ?µad?p???µ??e? ?ste ?a
s??µat????? ?e?t???????? µ???de?
????????µ??a ?????µata, t??f?d?s?a, ????? ??p.

• ?? ?e?t??????? s?st?µa t???e? se ?at?stas? p????a
  ? ep?pt? p??state?µ??? ap? a?????se?? t??
  ???st??
• ?eta???tt?st??, s??t??te? ?e?µ???? ?a?
  p?????µµata efa?µ???? t?????? se ?at?stas? ???st?

6
??µ?d??t?te? e??? ?.S.

• ?e??ß????? ???st? ?? ep?ped? t?? ?.S. e?s??e?
  ??a ep?ped? afa??es?? t?? ??????
• ?e??ß????? e?t??es?? d?a?e???s? d?e??as???,
  ?e???sµ?? a??e???, ?e???sµ?? d?a??p??,
  ?e?t?????e? ?/?.
• ?????e?s? ?a? ?e???sµ?? ?a???
• ???stas?a ?a? asf??e?a
• ????? se sf??µata ?a? a??????

7
??µ?d??t?te? e??? ?.S.

• ??a?e???s? p????
• ??a?e???s? ??????
• ?????d??µ?????s? ??? ?a? µetaf???? d?s???
• ??a?e???s? ?????
• ?ata??µ? ????a? ?a? de?te?e???sa? ap????e?s??
• S???????sµ?? ?a? ?e???sµ?? ad?e??d??
• ??ad?e??as?a?? ep????????a (IPC), ???s?µ? tµ?µa,
  s??t???sµ??
• ????st???? p????f???e? ?a? p????f???e? ?at?stas??
• ?a?a???????s? ???s?? p????

8
?st???a t?? ?.S.

• ???-??e?t??????
• Charles Babbage (1792-1871) a?a??t??? µ??a??
• ?a?a?? µ??a????, ap?t??e ??at? ? t?te te???????a
  de µp????se ?a pa???e? t??? apa?t??µe???? t??????
  ?a? ??a????a st?? apa?t??µe?? a???ße?a
• ???t? ?e??? 1945 - 1955
• Aiken, von Neumann, Eckert, Mauchley ?a? Zuse
• ?????aµµat?sµ?? µ?s? p?????? e??????, ????? ?.S.
  ? ???ssa
• ?????e? ?e???

9
?st???a t?? ?.S.

• ?e?te?? ?e??? 1955 - 1965
• ?a t?a???st?? ?ta? p?? a???p?sta ap? t?? ?????e?
  ?e???
• ?? e??as?e? d?aß????ta? µ?s? d??t??t?? ?a?t??
• ??s?????a? ta s?st?µata ?µad???? epe?e??as?a? ??a
  ?a µe???e? ? ?aµ???? ?????? ??a e??at?stas? ?a?
  t????µ? t?? e??as???

• ?et?fe?e t?? ???te? st?? 1401
• ???ßase ap? t?? ???te? st?? ta???a offline
• ???e t?? ta???a e?s?d?? st?? 7094 ? ?p???? ???e?
  t??? ?p?????sµ???
• ???e t?? ta???a st?? 1401 p?? e?t?p??e? t?? ???d?
  offline

10
?st???a t?? ?.S.

• ???t? ?e??? 1965 1980
• IBM System/360 s??d?ase ep??e???µat????? ?a?
  ep?st?µ??????? ?p?????st?? se µ?a µ??a??
• ?? ?p?????st?? a?apt?ss??ta? ß?se? t?? pe?ate?a?
  (µ??µ?, ta??t?ta epe?e??ast?, a???µ?? s?s?e???
  ?/?)
• ???d??µ?? t?? 370, 4300, 3080 and 3090
• ? ???s? ????????µ???? ?????µ?t?? pa?e??e sp??da??
  p?e????t?µa t?µ??/ap?d?s? se s??s? µe t? 2? ?e???
• ?? OS/360 ?p?epe ?a a?t?µet?p?se? s???????µe?e?
  a????e? p?? e??a? ?? ap?t??esµa ??a te??st?? ?a?
  pe??p???? ?.S.
• ??s??a?e t?? p???p????aµµat?sµ? ??a ?a ???e? p??
  ap?d?t??? ???s? t?? ???
• ?a????te?s? (spooling) d??ßase e??as?e? ap?
  ???te? st? d?s?? ?t??µe? ??a f??t?s? st? µ??µ?
  ?a? ß??e se ???? st?? d?s?? t?? ???d? ??a e?t?p?s?

11
?st???a t?? ?.S.

• Sta s?st?µata ?µad???? epe?e??as?a?, ? s????????
  ?????? ap? t?? ?p?ß??? µ?a? e??as?a? µ???? t??
  pa?a???? t?? e??d?? ?ta? µe????? ??e?, p???
  a?t?pa?a?????? ??a t??? p????aµµat?st??
• ?????µe??sµ?? (µ?a pa?a??a?? t??
  p???p????aµµat?sµ??) pa???e? a????ep?d?as? t??
  ???st? µe t? ?p?????st??? s?st?µa
• ?a???eta? ?n-line ep????????a a??µesa st? ???st?
  ?a? st? s?st?µa. ?ta? t? ?.S. te?e???e? t??
  e?t??es? µ?a? e?t???? ????e? t?? ep?µe?? e?t???
  e?????? ap? t? p???t??????? t?? ???st?.
• ? ??? p???p???eta? a??µesa se p????? e??as?e? p??
  ??at???ta? st? µ??µ? ?a? st? d?s?? (? ??? d??eta?
  se µ?a e??as?a µ??? ?ta? ? e??as?a e??a? st?
  µ??µ?).
• ???? ?p?????st?? ?a? ? a??pt??? t?? UNIX
• ?? UNIX ?ta? µ?a ap???ste?µ???, e??? ???st?
  ??d?s? t?? MULTICS (ep??tas? t?? CTSS)
• ????????µe? pa?a??a??? System V, BSD, POSIX
  (IEEE), MINIX, Linux

12
?st???a t?? ?.S.

• ??ta?t? ?e??? 1980 s?µe?a
• ????????µ??a ?????µata ?????? ?a? p??? ??????
  ???µa?a?
• ???s?p???? ?p?????st??
• 1974 ? Intel a??pt??e t?? 8080 (8 bit ???), ?
  Gary Kildall ???a?e t? CP/M (? Intel t?? ?d?se ta
  d??a??µata) ?a? s??µ?t?se t?? Digital Research
• ????? 1980 IBM PC µe BASIC/PC-DOS (DR-DOS,
  MS-DOS) .
• ?? a?????? e?d?se?? Windows ?t?e?a? p??? ap? DOS,
  ap? ta Windows 95 ?a? µet? ?a? ta NT ?ta? p?????
  a?apt??µ??a ?.S.
• ???t?a?? ?.S. (? ???st?? ß??pe? p??????
  ?p?????st??)
• ?ata?eµ?µ??a ?.S. (? ???st?? ß??pe? ??a?
  epe?e??ast?)

13
???????s? µ??µ?? se ap?? s?st?µa ?µad????
epe?e??as?a?
14
????p????aµµat???µe?a s?st?µata ?µad????
epe?e??as?a?

• ?????? e??as?e? ap? t?? ?p?ß???e?se? ß??s???ta?
  st?? ????a µ??µ? ta?t?????a, ?a? ? ???
  p???p???eta? µeta?? a?t??.

15
?pa?t??µe?a ?a?a?t???st??? ?.S. ??a
p???p????aµµat?sµ?

• G?at? p???p????aµµat?sµ??
• ?????e? t? ???s?µ?p???s? t?? ???
• G?a e??p???t?s? ?/? µ?a e??as?a? a??????µe se
  ????
• ??a?e???s? µ??µ?? t? s?st?µa p??pe? ?a e????e?
  t? µ??µ? se d??f??e? e??as?e?.
• ?????d??µ?????s? ??? t? s?st?µa p??pe? ?a
  ep????e? a??µesa se p????? e??as?e? p?? e??a?
  ?t??µe? p??? e?t??es?.
• ??????s? s?s?e???.

16
?p?t?ap???a s?st?µata

• ???s?p???? ?p?????st?? ?p?????st??? s?st?µa
  af?e??µ??? se ??a? ???st?
• S?s?e??? ?/? p???t??????a, p??t???a, ????e?,
  µ????? e?t?p?t??
• ??es? ???st? ?a? ap????t???t?ta
• ?p??e? ?a ????et?se? te???????a a?apt??µ??? ??a
  µe?a??te?a ?p?????st??? s?st?µata.
• ?p????? ?a t?????? d?af??et????? t?p??? ?.S.
  (Window, MacOS, Unix, Linux)

17
?a??????a S?st?µata

• ????epe?e??ast??? s?st?µata µe pe??ss?te?e? ap?
  µ?a ??? se ste?? ep????????a
• ?s???? s??e??µ??? s?st?µa ?? epe?e??ast??
  µ???????ta? t? µ??µ? ?a? ??a ?????. S??????
  ep?????????? µ?s? t?? ?????? µ??µ??
• ??e??e?t?µata
• ????µ??? ap?d?s? (throughput)
• ??????µ??? µ???????ta? pe??fe?e?a??, µa????
  ap????e?s?, ?s?? ??p.
• ????µ??? a???p?st?a (a???? se sf??µata)

18
?a??????a S?st?µata (s????e?a)

• S?µµet???? p???epe?e??as?a (SMP)
• ???e epe?e??ast?? e?te?e? ??a a?t???af? t?? ?.S.
• ?????? d?e??as?e? µp????? ?a e?te????ta?
  ta?t?????a
• ?a pe??ss?te?a s??????a ?.S. ?p?st??????? SMP

• ?s?µµet?? p???epe?e??as?a
• Se ???e epe?e??ast? a?at??eta? ???sµ??? e??as?a.
  ??a? epe?e??ast?? a?a??te? d???e?? st???
  ?p????p???.
• ??? ????? se e?a??et??? µe???a s?st?µata

19
?ata?eµ?µ??a S?st?µata

• ?ata??µ??? t?? ?p?????sµ? se p?????? epe?e??ast??
• ?a?a?? s??e??µ??? s?st?µa ???e epe?e??ast??
  ??e? t? d??? t?? t?p??? µ??µ?. ?p????????a µeta??
  t??? µe d??f??e? ??aµµ?? ep????????a?
• ??e??e?t?µata
• ????asµa p????
• ?p?t????s? ?p?????sµ??
• ????p?st?a
• ?p????????a epe?e??ast?? ?a? d?e??as???

20
?ata?eµ?µ??a S?st?µata (s????e?a)

• ?pa?t??? d??t?a?? ?p?d?µ?
• ???t?a t?p???? pe?????? (LAN) ? e??e?a? pe??????
  (WAN)
• ?p????? ?a e??a? s?st?µata pe??t?-e??p??et?t?
  (client-server) ? ?µ?t?µa (peer-to-peer)

21
S?st?µata ??a?µat???? ??????

• S???? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?? s?s?e??? e?????? ??a
  af?e??µ??? efa?µ??? ?p?? ??e??? ep?st?µ??????
  pe??aµ?t??, s?st?µata ?at????? ape?????s??,
  ß??µ??a????? e?????? ??p.
• ?a?? ???sµ???? ???????? pe?????sµ??
• Hard real-time
• Soft real-time

22
F???t? S?st?µata

• ???s?p???? ??f?a??? ?????? (PDAs)
• ????t? t???f??a
• T?µata
• ?e?????sµ??? µ??µ? (512 ?? µe 8 ??) apa?te?
  ap?d?t??? d?a?e???s?
• ????? epe?e??ast??
• ?????? ????e?

23
??µ? e??? ?.S.

• ?????a? (kernel) t? ?????? ??µµ?t? t?? ?.S. -
  e??a? p??ta f??t?µ??? st? µ??µ?
• F????? (shell) ??a? d?e?µ??e?t?? e?t???? e??a?
  d?as??des? t?? efa?µ???? ???st? µe t?? p????a.

24
??d? ?.S.

• ??????????? p????a ??? t? ?.S. t???e? se
  ?at?stas? p????a (p.?. DOS, Unix)
• ?????p????a ? p????a? pe??????eta? st?? te?e???
  apa?a?t?te? ?e?t?????e? (d?a?e???s? ?????
  d?e????se??, ep????????a d?e??as???, d?a?e???s?
  ??µ?t??) (p.?. Mach, QNX)
• ?ß??d??? s??d?????? st???e?a t?? pa?ap??? (p.?.
  Windows µe ?? p????a)

25
???se?? s?st?µat??

• ???a??sµ?? a?t?s?? efa?µ???? ??a ?p??es?e? ap? t?
  ?.S.

?????aµµa ???st?
?????aµµa ???st?
ep?st??f?
???s?
e?s?d??
?????a se p??state?µ??? µ??µ?
26
??d? ???se?? s?st?µat??

• ??a?e???s? d?e??as??? (create, terminate ??p.)
• ??a?e???s? a??e??? (open, close, read, write
  ??p.)
• ??a?e???s? s?s?e??? (request, release ??p.)
• S??t???s? p????f????? (get time, get file
  attributes ??p.)
• ?p????????a (send, receive message ??p.)

27
????????? µ??a???

• ? VMM (virtual machine monitor) d?µ?????e?
  d?as??des? p??? e??????? µ??a?? (a?t???af? t??
  p?a?µat???? ??????)