Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds

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Chapter 2.3Carbon Compounds
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Chemistry is. . .

• What life is made of
• Example Macromolecules
• What life does
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Movement
• Interaction with the environment

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Chemistry of Carbon

1. Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
2. Carbon can bond with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
   nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons first shell-
2 second shell- 4
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Bonding Symbols

• A single bond is signified by a solid line
  between symbols shares 2 electrons
• A double bond is signified by two solid lines
  between symbols shares 4 electrons
• A triple bond is signified by three solid lines
  between symbols shares 6 electrons

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Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are Giant molecules
• Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join
  together to form polymers.
• This process is called polymerization.

Macromolecules Macromolecules are Giant
molecules Consist of monomers (smaller units)
that join together to form polymers This process
is called Polymerization.
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Macromolecules

• Synthesizing covalent bonds between the monomers
  involves losing a water molecule- dehydration, or
  condensation reaction

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Macromolecules

• Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to
  break off a monomer involves breaking a water
  molecule and inserting its pieces hydrolysis

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Types of macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins

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Carbohydrates

• 1. Composition made of C, H and O atoms
• monomer- monosaccharide
• 2. Uses Main source of energy for organisms,
  structural purpose in cell membrane, and
  exoskeleton of insects.

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Carbohydrates

• Examples
• Sugars
• Monosaccharide single sugar molecule
• Polysaccharide polymer of monosaccharides
  bonded together with a glycosidic linkage

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Carbohydrates

• Examples
• Starch Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
  that store extra sugar
• In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural
  is called chitin
• In plants, plant starch, structural is called
  cellulose

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Lipids

• 1.Composition C, H, O atoms
• subunits are glycerol and fatty acids
• 2. Not soluble in water, hydrophobic
• 3. Function energy storage, main part of cell
  membrane, hormones
• 4. Examples fats, oils, waxes, steroids,
  cholesterol

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Lipids

• Types of fatty acids
• a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids
  that are liquid at room temperature, CC bonds
• Example Olive oil
• b. Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that
  are solids at room temperature, no CC bonds
• Example Shortening, butter

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Types of Lipids
Saturated only single bonds, maximum number of
H atoms Unsaturated at least on C C double
bond
lipid
lipid
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Proteins

1. Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
2. Uses
3. Structure
4. Storage,
5. transport of other substances,
6. movement,
7. Immunity
8. Catalyze reactions (make them happen)

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Proteins

• Made of monomers called amino acids
• 20 types of amino acids
• Same general structure, but different R group
• We will draw the 4 levels of Protein structure on
  the board

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Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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Nucleic Acids

• Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,
  phosphorus
• Store and transmit genetic information
• Two types
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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Nucleotide

• Made of monomers called nucleotides. A
  nucleotide has three parts
• 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base

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Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
DNA or RNA
Sugars and starches
Actin, enzymes, hemoglobin
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Chapter 2.4Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
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Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Reaction A change of one set of
  chemicals into another
• Can be slow or fast
• Chemical reactions require collisions between
  molecules
• Involves changes in chemical bondsA B ? C D

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Chemical Reactions

• Involves changes in chemical bonds
• Reactants are elements or compounds that enter
  into a chemical reaction. Bonds of reactants
  are broken in a chemical reaction.
• Products are elements or compounds that are
  produced in a chemical reaction. Bonds of
  products are formed in a chemical reaction

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Chemical Reactions

1. Involves changes in chemical bonds A B ? C
   D Which are the reactants?Which are the
   products?

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Chemical Reaction ExampleCO2 in the body

• Cells produce CO2,then blood carries CO2 from
  cells to lungs (exhale)
• Problem CO2 is not soluble (dissolvable) in
  water
• Solution A chemical reaction converts CO2 to a
  soluble compound

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• In blood, CO2 converted to soluble compound
• CO2 H2O ? H2CO3
• In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO2
• H2CO3 ? CO2 H2O

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Chemical reactions involve energy

• Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires
  energy release or absorption
• Reactions that release energy can occur
  spontaneously (but not all do)
• Energy is released as heat
• Reactions that absorb energy will not occur
  without an energy source

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• What is activation energy? The energy needed to
  get a reaction started
• Some chemical reactions are really slow or
  require lots of energy and cannot occur on their
  own

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Endergonic/ Endothermic
Exergonic/ Exothermic
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Enzymes are catalysts.

• A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate
  of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation
  energy of the reaction.
• An enzyme is a protein that act as biological
  catalyst
• Enzymes speed up reactions that take place in
  cells

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Enzymes are catalysts.

1. Enzymes provides a site (called the active site)
   where reactants can be brought together to react.
   This decreases the activation energy
2. In a reaction involving an enzyme, the reactants
   are called substrates
3. Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type
   of substrate

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An enzymatic reaction
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Enzymes are catalysts.

1. The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of
   a lock and key
2. Enzymes can have an allosteric inhibitor in which
   another molecule can turn the enzyme on or off by
   binding to it (make the lock work or not)

http//www.execulink.com/ekimmel/mixed_flash.htm
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Enzymes are catalysts.

• h. Enzymes can be affected by
• pH
• Temperature
• Other proteins

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CO2 H2O ? H2CO3 requires an enzyme called
carbonic anhydrase
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glucose ATP ? glucose-6-phosphate ADP
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products