1) Properties of Water

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1) Properties of Water

• Water is a polar covalent solvent
• Oxygen end is slightly negative
• Hydrogen ends are slightly positive

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Hydrogen Bonding

• Polarity of water allows attraction between other
  water molecules
• Hydrogen bond - attraction between hydrogen and
  another highly electronegative atom (FON)
• Weaker than covalent or ionic bonds
• Water is unique in that one molecule can form up
  to 4 hydrogen bonds.

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Properties of Water

• Cohesion attraction between 2 molecules of same
  substance
• Adhesion attraction between 2 different
  molecules
• -Capillary action - forces between molecules
  cause water levels to rise against gravity (One
  way plants draw water from their roots).

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Solutions and Suspensions

• Solution Type of mixture with components evenly
  distributed.
• Solute What is dissolved.
• Solvent Substance which solute is dissolved in
  (usually water).
• Like dissolves like!
• Suspension Mixture in which material will not
  dissolve

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Acids, Bases, and pH

• Water can ionize
• H2O ? H OH-
• pH Scales measures the concentration of Hydrogen
  and Hydroxide ions in solution.
• Ranges from 0 to 14
• pH of 7 is neutral (H OH-)
• pH less than 7 is considered acidic (H gt OH-)
• pH greater than 7 is called basic (H lt OH-)
• Each value on the pH scale is a a factor of 10!
• pH of 3 vs. pH of 5, the pH of 3 has 100 times
  more hydrogen ions!

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pH Scale
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Acids and Bases

• Acids are compounds that produce H ions in
  solutions.
• Bases are compounds that produce OH- in solution.
  
• Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react
  with strong acids/bases to prevent sharp changes
  in pH.

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2) Organic Compounds

• Organic Chemistry refers to the study of carbon
  compounds.
• 1) Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, and can
  form 4 individual covalent bonds.
• 2) Carbon can bond with itself (single, double or
  triple covalently), creating the possibility of
  huge chains.
• Polymerization - the formation of large molecules
  from smaller components.

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4 Major Organic Components of Life

• 1) Carbohydrates
• Contain C, H, O in a ratio of 121.
• Main source of energy.
• Short and long term storage
• Name ends in -ose

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1) Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides single molecule sugars
• Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
• Chemical Formula C6H12O6
• Disaccharides double sugars
• Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

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How do macromolecules form?

• Dehydration synthesis!
• Through a reaction of two molecules and energy,
  water is produced.
• The reverse is known
• as Hydolysis

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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides 3 or more simple sugars bonded
  together.
• A) Starch main form of energy storage for plants.
  
• B) Glycogen (Animal starch) form of storage in
  animals.
• C) Cellulose chains of glucose formed in plants
  for support structures.
• D) Chitin is a polysaccharide that makes up
  exoskeletons of many insects.

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2) Lipids - oils, fats, waxes

• Contain C, H, O (HO ratio is greater than 21 so
  lots of Hydrogen!)
• Used for long term energy storage (fat tissue)
• Make up cell membranes

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Lipids

• Lipids are usually formed through the dehydration
  synthesis of a glycerol molecule and 3 chains of
  fatty acids.

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Lipids

• Saturated is a term that refers to a lipid
  containing only single covalent bonds between
  carbon atoms in the fatty acid tails
• Unsaturated means that there are one or more
  double bonds between carbons in the tails of the
  lipid.

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3) Nucleic Acids

• The molecules of heredity!
• Contain Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and
  Phosphorus.
• Individual monomers are known as nucleotides.
• Nucleotides have 3 parts a 5-carbon sugar, a
  phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Nucleic Acids

• There are two possible pentose sugars in a
  nucleic acid Ribose and Deoxyribose.
• DNA has deoxyribose
• RNA has ribose

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4) Protein

• The R groups have varying properties some are
  acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar in nature.
• Proteins have a diverse role in biology.
• Some are for transport (COPI, COPII, actin,
  myosin)
• Structure (muscle, bones)
• Regulation of cellular activities (cell cycle)

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Protein Organization

• 4 levels of organization
• Primary individual sequence of amino acids in a
  protein.
• Secondary Hydrogen bonding causes folds and
  twists in between AA (?-helix, ? pleated sheets).
• Tertiary 3-dimensional folding occurs within
  the chain.
• Quaternary Multiple chains can fold on each
  other (Hemoglobin).

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4) Protein

• Proteins contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and
  Nitrogen.
• Building block of protein is called an Amino Acid
• AA contain an amino group (-NH2)
• Also contain and carboxyl group (-COOH)
• 20 different amino acids, each differ only in
  their side chain (R group).