Life and Chemistry: Large Molecules

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Life and Chemistry Large Molecules
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Macromolecules

• monomers are linked together to form polymers
• dehydration synthesis (condensation)
• broken apart via hydrolysis
• function is related to structure

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Macromolecules

• 4 classes of biological macromolecules
• proteins
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids
• lipids

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Proteins

• polymers of amino acids
• functions include
• structural support
• catalysis
• transport
• defense
• movement
• regulation

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Proteins

• each amino acid contains the following
• ? carbon
• H atom
• amino group
• carboxyl group
• side chain
• provides unique chemical properties

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Amino Acids to Proteins

• peptide bond
• joins two amino acids
• carboxyl group of one bonds with amino group of
  another
• 20 used to make every protein
• each distinguished by its side chain

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Protein Structure

• 4 structural levels
• type, position, and number of amino acids
  determine function and structure
• primary structure
• sequence of amino acids comprising the protein
• huge variation possible

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Protein Structure

• secondary structure
• regular, repeating patterns as a result of
  H-bonds
• ? helix
• ? pleated sheet

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Protein Structure

• 3. tertiary structure
• results from interactions between R groups
• final 3-D structure of a single protein
• 4. quaternary structure
• arrangement of protein subunits into a large
  macromolecule

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Environmental Effects on Proteins

• structure affected by
• pH
• temperature
• denaturation

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Carbohydrates

• primarily C, H, and O
• 121 (CH2O)
• functions
• energy source
• structure

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Carbohydrates

• 4 categories
• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• oligosaccharides
• polysaccharides

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Lipids

• no polymers
• nonpolar hydrocarbons
• hydrophobic

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Fats and oils

• triglycerides
• composed of fatty acids and glycerol
• fats vs. oils
• saturated vs. unsaturated
• energy storage

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Phospholipids

• composition
• 2 fatty acids
• phosphate containing polar head
• forms biological membranes

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Steroids

• composed of 4 fused carbon rings
• functions
• part of membranes
• hormones
• development
• ion balance

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Nucleic Acids

• nucleotide structure
• 5-C sugar
• phosphate group
• nitrogenous base
• function
• storage, transmission, and use of genetic material

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Nucleic Acids

• 2 types
• DNA
• information storage
• RNA
• transmission

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