Title: http://hhsiao.dlearn.kmu.edu.tw
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- http//hhsiao.dlearn.kmu.edu.tw
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- I. Huntington??????????
- II. ???????
- III. ???????
3I. Huntington??????????
- 1.????????1828-1926,
- ??????????????????????.
- ???????? 1922-1942, ???????.
- 2.???????? 1943-1962,
- ?????????????.
- ???????? 1958-1975, ?????????.
4- 3. ?????? 1975-
- David Potter, et al, Democratization (Polity
Press ,1997), ??, et al.??,??????(????, 2000),
p.12.
??????, 1975??1995?
1975 1975 1975 1995 1995 1995
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
???????? 2 0 22 0 0 24
???? 15 2 5 2 5 15
?? 18 4 3 11 5 9
????????? 43 2 3 12 16 20
?????? 14 3 2 13 3 2
????/??? 9 0 0 5 14 8
? ? 101 11 35 43 43 78
???
1975 N147 68.7 7.5 23.8
1995 N164 26.2 26.2 47.6
5II.???????
- ???????? (Socioeconomic Precondition Thesis)
?????, The Lipset School of Democratization - ??????? (Transitional Approach Thesis) ?????,
The Rustow School of Democratization - ????? (Cultural Precondition Thesis) ?????, The
Huntington School of Democratization - ??????? (Political Institutional Establishment
Thesis) ??????, The Friedman School of
Democratization - ??????? (Cultural Ecological Thesis) The Yang
Kuo-shu School of Democratization
6 II.1 ????? ?????????
- ?? ?????(the Lipset School of Democratization),
?1960s???????????. Theorists of this school have
isolated the following socioeconomic correlates
of democracy - High levels of urbanization,
- Industrialization,
- Rising per capita income
- High literacy rates,
- Mass communication, etc.
7- ?????
- Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (London
Heinemann, 1960) expanded edition, (Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981). - Phillip Cutright, National Political
Development Measurement and Analysis, American
Sociological Review, Vol. 28 (April 1963), pp.
253-264.
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10 ????????????????????? !??
???,lt?????/???????gt, pp.10-12.
11II.2 ????? ???????
- ??????????????????????????????????????????,???????
????????? - ???????????,???????????(a)?????,?(b)?????????????
????(c)??????(d)??????(e)?????? - ???????????????????????????????????????????????,?
?????????????,????????????????????????????????(???
??)?????????????,?????????????
12David Potter ? Democratization , ??????????, P.
20, ?3
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ?????????
13??????
- Dankwart Rustow, Transition to Democracy Toward
a Dynamic Model, Comparative Politics, Vol. 2
(April 1970), pp. 337-363. - Adam Przeworski, Some Problems in the Study of
the Transition to Democracy, in Guillermor
ODonnell and Philippe Schmitter, eds.,
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule Comparative
Perspective (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1986).
14II.3 ????? ?????
- ??????????????????????????????????.Samuel
Huntington (???)1984???? Will More Countries
Become Democratic? Political Science Quarterly,
992 (Summer 1984), pp. 193-218, ???????. -
- ???????????,??????????,????(????????????)???
?????. Huntington, The Goals of
Development, in Myron Weiner and Samuel
Huntington, eds., Understanding Political
Development (Boston Little, Brown Co., 1987),
p. 22.
15- Robert Scalapino (???University of
California at Berkeley??, Asian
Survey??)????????. ????????????????,??????????????
??????(individualism)????. ??,????????????????????
???. ??,??????????????????,??????????.
??,??????????. ???? The Politics of Development
Perspectives on Twentieth Century Asia
(Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press,
1989).
16- Lipset (???)?Political Man
(??1960)?1981??????,???????????????????.
??1990????The Centrality of Political Culture,
Journal of Democracy, 14 (Fall 1990), p. 82,
???????????.??????????????,??????????????????,????
???????.
17- ???????????????????????,????????????????????
?????????. ??,?????1982???Nathan Tumin (??)??.
??????????????,????????????????????????
?????????????????????. ??The Theory of
Democratic Development, A Critical Revision,
Theory and Society, 11 (1982), p. 160.
18- ??,???????????????,????????????,????????????
???????????????.?????????,????????????????????,???
???,?????????????,?????????????. - ????/????(civil society)?????????????.
19???????
- ?????????? individualism????????????,
????????????????????????????,????????????????,???
????????? - (1) Steven Lukes, Individualism (Oxford Basil,
1973). - (2) Donald Munro, Introduction to Donald Munro,
ed., Individualism and Holism Studies in
Confucian and Taoist Values (Ann Arbor Center
for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan,
1985), pp. 1-32.
20 ????????????????
- Buddhist concept of the Buddha Nature (??)
residing in each person. The Nirvana Sutra
???Even an icchantika (???) possesses the
Buddha Nature. ????????????????. The Hindu
concept of atman (??,??) vs. Brahman .
Confucian concept of ???????? in each person. - Taoist concept of ? as an embodiment of ? in
each individual. - ??????????????????????????,?????????????????????.
21- ???????????????????????????. ????????????,????????
?. ????????????????????,?concept of
dignity???????,????????????. - ???????????????????,????, ?????????????
- ??,??????????,????????????????.
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23II.4 ????? ???????
- ???????,Edward Friedman (????)????????????????????
????????,?????????????????,??????????,????????????
???????,?????????,??????????????????????,?????????
?,??????,???????? - Friedman, Democratization Generalizing the
East Asian Experience ,in Edward Friedman , ed
., The Politics of Democratization (Boulder
Westview Press , 1994) , pp.19-57.
24II.5 ????? ???????
- ?????/????????????????????????????????????????.???
?????????????(??????????????)??????.
???????????????(??????????????)???.
????????????????????, ???????????????????. - ???, ??????????????. ??????????, ?????????????.
?????????????. ???????????. - ????????lt?????/???????gt.
25III. ???????
- ????????lt???????????????????gt, pp. 7-9, 17-29,
30-35.
26??????????????
???
????
???
???
271945
1980
1987
????/ ????
??????
??????
???
?? ????
?? ????
?? ??
28?????????????
- a. ????????(one-party totalitarian system)
- i. ??????(Marxist-Leninist Totalitarianism)
- ii. ??????(Nazi Totalitarianism)
- b. ??????(one-party authoritarian system)
- i. ??????(hard authoritarianism)
- ii. ??????(soft authoritarianism)
29- c. ?????(pluralistic democracy)
- i. ???????(dominant-party democracy)
- ii. ?????(two-party democracy)
- iii. ?????(multi-party democracy)
- ???? Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, eds.,
Political Parties and Political Development
(Princeton Princeton University Press, 1966). - Edwin Winckler, Institutionalization and
Participation on Taiwan From Hard to Soft
Authoritarianism?The China Quarterly, No. 99
(September 1984), pp. 481-499.
30???????????????
- ??????(state corporatism) 1947-87.
- ???(????)?????????.
- b. ??????(societal corporatism) 1980--.
- ?????????????.
- c. ????/????(plural society/civil society)
1987--. - 1996??, ???????.
31- Cf. Philippe Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruck,
eds., Trends Toward Corporatist Intermediation
(Beverly Hill and London Sage, 1979). - Harmon Zeigler, Pluralism, Corporatism, and
Confucianism Political Association and Conflict
Regulation in the United States, Europe, and
Taiwan (Philadelphia Temple University Press,
1988).