Unit 7: Chapter 24

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• Unit 7 Chapter 24
• The Victorian Age
• Life in the Emerging Urban Society

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• I. Urbanization
• A. By 1900 Europe had become urban
• and industrial
• 1. Great Britain was the first to
• become a modern industrial
• society
• 2. problems of mass urbanization
• a. magnified poor conditions
• 1) high death rate due to
• poor sanitation crowding

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European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800 and 1900
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Dudley Street, Seven Dials, London, By Gustave
Doré
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• B. Public Health Movement
• 1. miasmatic theory disease spread by
  odor
• 2. Edwin Chadwick (health reformer
• Benthamite)
• a. sanitary idea poverty was
  caused
• by death from disease
• 1) Cholera

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Dung heaps among living quarters
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• C. Bacterial Revolution
• 1. Disease was spread through filth
• NOT caused by it
• 2. Germ Theory specific diseases were
• caused by specific living organisms
• a. Louis Pasteur
• 1) pasteurization
• b. Robert Koch described lifecycles
• of harmful bacteria
• c. Joseph Lister antiseptic principle
• 1) sterilization in hospitals

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II. Urban planning and public transportation
A. Workhouse movement - Poorhouses
EDWIN CHADWICKPoor Law reformer. He believed
that existing relief, being too generous,
encouraged idleness and larger families.
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• B. Rebuilding Paris

Opera House and surrounding area of Haussmann's
Paris
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• 1. Napoleon III
• a. sought to promote the welfare of all his
• subjects through government action
• 1) rebuilding Paris would provide
  employment,
• improve living conditions, and
  testify to the
• glory of France
• b. Georges Haussmann planner
• 1) Destroyed slums replaced w/better
  housing
• open spaces (parks)
• 2) built wide, straight, tree lined
  avenues
• to prevent the building of
  barricades
• 3) improved sewage system fresh water
  aqueducts
• 4) public transportation street cars
  railroads

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Antoine Blanchard,Along the Boulevard, Paris
(Boulevard Haussmann)
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Champs de lise
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• III. Social Structure
• A. Increase in standard of living
• 1. Middle Class had servants,
  educated, strict
• code of behavior, committed to
  hard work.
• a. Upper middle class merged with
• old aristocracy
• b. Middle middle class professionals
• (engineers, doctors, etc.)
• c. Lower middle class white collar
  employees,
• small shop owners
• 2. Impact of industrialization
• a. expanded and diversified middle class
• 3. culture traditional Christian morality
  self-
• discipline (The Victorian Era)

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• B. Working Classes
• 1. 80 of population in 1900
• 2. Less homogenous and unified
• than middle classes
• 3. Highly skilled workers Labor Aristocracy
• 4. Semi-skilled workers domestic service
• 5. Unskilled workers sweated
  industries
• 6. Lifestyle drinking, spectator sports, music
  hall,
• gambling
• 7. Decline in church attendance due to
• lack of faith, growth of secularism, lack of
  churches
• in cities
• a. Church associated with the upper classes

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• IV. The Changing Family
• A. Marriage
• 1. working class romantic sentiment
• 2. middle class economic considerations
• B. Illegitimacy explosion (1750-1850) declined
• in later 19th century
• C. Sexual division men women worked in
• separate spheres
• D. Child Rearing
• 1. closer bond b/w parent and child
• 2. strict upbringing of middle class
  children
• 3. working-class children worked were
  more
• independent
• E. Sigmund Freud human behavior is motivated
  by
• unconscious emotional needs
• F. Gustave Droz Mr.,Mrs.,and Baby - family
  manual

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• V. Science and Intellectual Achievements
• A. Physical science
• 1. Industrial technology
• 2. Thermodynamics
• 3. Chemistry Dmitri Mendeleev
• a. periodic table
• b. organic chemistry
• 4. Electromagnetism Michael Faraday
• 5. Geology Charles Lyell uniformitarianism
• 7. Biology Charles Darwin On the
• Origin of Species by the Means of
• Natural Selection
• Evolution

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• B. Social Science
• 1. August Comte (1798-1857)
• positivism the discovery of the eternal laws of
  human behavior
• Sociology science applied to society
• 2. Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer
• Survival of the fittest
• Perverted Charles Darwins theory of evolution
  applying it to the human race

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• VI. Realism 1850
• A. Literature
• 1. Depict life as it really was
• 2. Determinism
• 3. Rejected Romanticism
• 4. Movement began in France
• a. Honoré de Balzac The Human Comedy
• b. Gustave Flaubert Madame Bovary
• c. Émile Zola - Germinal
• 5. England George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans)
• 6. Russia Leo Tolstoy War Peace
• 7. Scandinavia Henrik Ibsen

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The Meeting or "Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet, 1854
painting by Gustave Courbet
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Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849
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Gustave Courbet, The Grain Sifters, 1855
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Honore Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage, 1862
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Honore Daumier, The Burden (A Laundress), 1862
Eduard Degas, Laundry Girls Ironing, c. 1884