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???????? IP

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Title: ???????? IP


1
??????? ???????
2
???????? ????????????
  • ???????? IP ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?
    ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????
    ?????? (??????? ?????????????)
  • ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????
    ?????? ??????? ?????????????
  • ????????????? ??????? ????????? (IP-??????)

3
IP-??????
  • IP-????? - 4-???????? ????? (32 ???????)
  • ????????, 192.168.10.153
  • ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????????
  • ?????????, ??? IP-????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
  • ??????? ????? (????? ???????)
  • ???????????? ????? (????? ?????????? ????)

4
?????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????
5
???????????? ?????????
6
???????? IP-???????
7
????????????????? ??????
  • 255.255.255.255 ?????????????????
  • 127.0.0.0 / 8 ????? ???????? ?????
  • 10.0.0.0 / 8 ? 192.168.0.0 / 16 ??????? ????,
    ?????????????? ? ????????? ????? NAT

8
???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? IP
9
??????? ?????????????
  • route print

10
???????? ???????
11
?????? IP-???????????
12
????????? ?????????.ICMP
  • Internet Control Message Protocol ??????????
    ???????? ??????????? ?????????
  • ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ????????????
    (???????? ??????)
  • ???????????? ? ????????? PING, ??????? ?????????
    ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????
  • ???????????? ? ????????? TRACEROUTE, ????????????
    ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????

13
????????? ?????????.DHCP
  • DHCP - ???????? ????????????? ????????????????
    ?????
  • ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????
    IP-????? ? ?????? ?????????
  • ??? ??????? ????????????? IP-???????
  • ??????
  • ??????????????
  • ????????????

14
???????? ?????? DHCP
  • ????????? ?????????? ????????????????? UDP
    ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? IP ??????
  • DHCP ??????? ???? ?????????? ? ????? DHCP
    ???????????
  • ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ????????
    ?????? ? ?????????? DHCP ?????? ?? ??????????
    ??????
  • ?? ??????? ???????? DHCP ????????????? (? ???
    ??????????? IP ?????, ??????????? ???????).

15
??????? ???????? ???????? IP-??????? (NAT)
16
Hole punching
17
?????????????
  • ????????????? (????. routing) ???????
    ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?
    ????? ????? (??????????? ?????????? ???????????
    ?????? ?????????????)
  • ???? ?????????????
  • ???????????
  • ????????????
  • ????????? ?????????????
  • ????????????-????????? ????????
  • ???????? ????????? ??????

18
????????????? ?????????????
  • ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????
  • ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????
    ????????? ?????????? ?????????????
  • ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ?
    ??????? ?????? (gateway)
  • ????????????? ????? ????? ??????? - ???????
    ?????????????
  • ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????????
    ????????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????? RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) ?
    OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
  • ??????? BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

19
RIP ????????????-????????? ????????
?????????????
????????? ??????? A ????????? ??????? A ????????? ??????? A
Dest Cost Next Hop
A 0 A
B 4 B
C ?
D ?
E 2 E
F 6 F
E
C
3
1
F
1
2
6
1
D
3
A
4
B
  • ????
  • ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????
    ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????
  • ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?
  • ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????

20
?????????? ??????? ??????????
z
d(z,y)
c(x,z)
y
x
  • Update(x,y,z)
  • d c(x,z) d(z,y) ?????????? ?? x ?? y
    ????? z
  • if d lt d(x,y)
  • ??????? ?????????
  • return d, z ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????
  • else
  • return d(x,y), next_hop(x,y) ?????? - ??????

d(x,y)
21
???????? ????????-?????
  • ????
  • ??? ??????? ???? x
  • ??? ??????? ???? z
  • ??? ??????? ??????????? y
  • d(x,y) Update(x,y,z)
  • ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????

22
???????? ???????
Table for A Table for A Table for A
Dst Cst Hop
A 0 A
B 4 B
C ?
D ?
E 2 E
F 6 F
Table for B Table for B Table for B
Dst Cst Hop
A 4 A
B 0 B
C ?
D 3 D
E ?
F 1 F
E
C
3
1
F
1
2
6
1
D
3
A
4
B
Table for C Table for C Table for C
Dst Cst Hop
A ?
B ?
C 0 C
D 1 D
E ?
F 1 F
Table for D Table for D Table for D
Dst Cst Hop
A ?
B 3 B
C 1 C
D 0 D
E ?
F ?
Table for E Table for E Table for E
Dst Cst Hop
A 2 A
B ?
C ?
D ?
E 0 E
F 3 F
Table for F Table for F Table for F
Dst Cst Hop
A 6 A
B 1 B
C 1 C
D ?
E 3 E
F 0 F
23
???????? ?1
Table for A Table for A Table for A
Dst Cst Hop
A 0 A
B 4 B
C 7 F
D 7 B
E 2 E
F 5 E
Table for B Table for B Table for B
Dst Cst Hop
A 4 A
B 0 B
C 2 F
D 3 D
E 4 F
F 1 F
E
C
3
1
F
1
2
6
1
D
3
A
4
B
Table for C Table for C Table for C
Dst Cst Hop
A 7 F
B 2 F
C 0 C
D 1 D
E 4 F
F 1 F
Table for D Table for D Table for D
Dst Cst Hop
A 7 B
B 3 B
C 1 C
D 0 D
E ?
F 2 C
Table for E Table for E Table for E
Dst Cst Hop
A 2 A
B 4 F
C 4 F
D ?
E 0 E
F 3 F
Table for F Table for F Table for F
Dst Cst Hop
A 5 B
B 1 B
C 1 C
D 2 C
E 3 E
F 0 F
24
???????? ?2
Table for A Table for A Table for A
Dst Cst Hop
A 0 A
B 4 B
C 6 E
D 7 B
E 2 E
F 5 E
Table for B Table for B Table for B
Dst Cst Hop
A 4 A
B 0 B
C 2 F
D 3 D
E 4 F
F 1 F
E
C
3
1
F
1
2
6
1
D
3
A
4
B
Table for C Table for C Table for C
Dst Cst Hop
A 6 F
B 2 F
C 0 C
D 1 D
E 4 F
F 1 F
Table for D Table for D Table for D
Dst Cst Hop
A 7 B
B 3 B
C 1 C
D 0 D
E 5 C
F 2 C
Table for E Table for E Table for E
Dst Cst Hop
A 2 A
B 4 F
C 4 F
D 5 F
E 0 E
F 3 F
Table for F Table for F Table for F
Dst Cst Hop
A 5 B
B 1 B
C 1 C
D 2 C
E 3 E
F 0 F
25
???????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????
26
OSPF ???????? ????????? ??????
  • ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????
  • ???? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????
  • ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??
    ?????
  • ???????????? ???????? ????????
  • ???? ??????????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????
    ????

27
???????? ????????
  • ????
  • ???? ? ?????????? s ? ?????? ??? c(u,v)
  • ?????????
  • ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? s ?? ??????? ???? v

28
???????? ????????
E
C
3
1
F
2
2
6
1
???????? s
D
3
A
3
B
??????
???? ?? ?????
  • ????????? ?????
  • ??????
  • ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????
  • ?????????????
  • ?????? ????? ?? ??????
  • ???? ?? ?????
  • ?????????

?????????????
  • ????? ?????
  • ??? ??? ????????????? ????? d(v) ?????
    ??????????? ???? ?? ????????? s ?? v
  • ??? ??????????????? d(v) min( d(??????) ???
    ???? ?? ?????? ), ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????

29
???????? ???????? ??????
E
C
3
1
????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????
F
2
2
6
1
???????? s
D
3
A
3
B
?????????????
??????
???? ?? ?????
30
???????? ???????? ??????
E
C
3
1
F
2
2
6
1
???????? s
D
3
A
3
B
??????
?????????????
???? ?? ?????
  • ???????????? d(v) ??? v ?? ????????????????
    ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????????

31
???????? ???????????? ???
?
E
C
2
3
1
6
5
F
2
2
6
???????? s
1
0
?
D
3
3
A
3
B
??????
???? ?? ?????
?????????????
  • ??????? ???? ? ??????????? d(v) ?? ?????????
    ???????????????
  • ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????????
    (??????). ????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????
    ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????
  • ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?
    ????????????? d(v)

32
???????? ?????????????????
?????????????
C
E
3
1
2
F
2
6
1
???????? s
D
3
A
3
B
???? ?? ?????
??????
33
???????? ????????
???? ?? ?????
C
E
3
1
2
F
2
6
1
???????? s
D
3
A
3
B
?????????????
??????
34
???????? ????????
C
E
3
1
2
F
2
6
1
???????? s
D
3
A
3
B
  • ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????

35
BGP ??????? ?????????????
  • ????????????? ??????????
  • Verison
  • Retn.net
  • ????????????
  • Golden telecom
  • ..

36
BGP ??????? ?????????????
ISP ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????
???????? ISP ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????
????? ???? ???? ????????????? ISP ?????
?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????
?????????
?? ?????????
37
BGP ??????? ?????????????
?3
?1
?2
?4
?5
K2
K3
K1
K4
38
BGP ?????????? ??????? (AS)
  • ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????,
    ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????
  • ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????
    ?????????? ????????-?????????????? (LIR) ??????
    ???????????? ? ??????? ????? IP-???????
  • ??????
  • ASN ??????? 13238
  • ASN ??? ??????-???????????? 8402 (Corbina)

39
???? A? ??? ??????-???? ?????????
40
BGP ??????? ?????????????
  • ??????? ????????????? BGP

41
???????? ???????
  • ???????? ? ??????????? BGP-?????????? ??????? ???
    MSK-IX http//www.msk-ix.ru/download/lg/msk_ipv4.
    txt.gz
  • ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?
    ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????
    http//www.db.ripe.net/whois
  • ?????? ??????? AS, ???????????? ? MSK-IX ?????
    ????? ????? http//www.msk-ix.ru/members/

42
??????????????
43
??????????????
44
?????????? ??????????????
  • ???????? ?????? ?????????????? - ?????????
    ??????????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????
    ???????????

45
?????? ??????????
46
?????????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????
  • Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

47
????? MPLS
  • ???????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????
    (RFC 3031)
  • ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????
    ???????????? 20-?????? ?????
  • ????? ??????????? ? ????????? MPLS ?????
    ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????
  • ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????
    ???????

48
?????? MPLS-?????????
  • 20-?????? ?????
  • CoS ????, ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????
  • S ????????? ????? ????? MPLS-??????????
  • TTL ????? ?????

49
MPLS-?????????????
  • ??????? LSR(Label switching router) MPLS-??????
    ??????????? ??????? ?????, ???????????? ??
    ?????????? ???? ? ????
  • ?????????? LSR
  • ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????????
    ??????????????
  • ?????????? ????? ?????????? (????? ????????
    ?????)
  • ???????? LSR ??????? MPLS-????????? ? ?????? ?
    ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????? IP-??????

50
MPLS-?????????????
  • ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? (Label Switched
    Path) - ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ? MPLS
    ??????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????
    ??? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????
  • ??? ???????? LSP ????????????????
  • ?????, ??????????????? ??????? LSR ??????????
    ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????
    MPLS ?????
  • ???????? ?????? ??????? Label Distribution
    Protocol (LDP) ????????? ?????????? ????????
    ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????
    ?? ??????

51
Forwarding Equivalence Class
  • ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????
    Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FEC)
  • ????? ?????? ????? ????????????
  • IP-???????? ?????????/??????????
  • ??????? ?????????/??????????
  • ??????????
  • DSCP - Differentiated services code point
  • ??????? ???????????
  • ??????? FEC ????? ?????????? ???????????? PHB
    (Per-hop behavior)

52
??????
1
3
3
1
2
40
2
1
50
3
2
53
???????? IPv6
54
???????? IPv6
  • IPv4 ? IPv6
  • ????? 16 ????
  • ??????? ???????? ?? Ipv6
  • ??????????????? ?????? 32-??????? ?????????
    ????????????
  • ??????????? ?????? ?????????????
  • ????????? ????????? ????????? IP-???????
  • ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????
    ??????? IPv4

55
???? ????????? ????????????
56
IPv6 ??????
  • ???????????? ? ???? 8 ??????????? ?????
  • 20010db800490000ab00000000000102
  • ?????????? ??????
  • 20010db80000000000000000142857ab
  • 20010db8000000000000142857ab
  • 20010db80000142857ab
  • 20010db800142857ab
  • 20010db8142857ab
  • 2001db8142857ab

57
IPv6 ???? ???????
  • ????
  • unicast
  • anycast
  • multicast
  • ????????????????? ??????
  • ? 0.0.0.0
  • 1 ? 127.0.0.1
  • 2002abcd/16 ? a.b.c.d (6to4 ??????)
  • FF - ?????????????????

58
IPv6 ????? ???????
  • ????? - ??? ?????????????????? ???????,
    ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????
  • ????? ??????? ????????? 24-?????? ?????
  • ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???
    ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???
  • ??? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??
    ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??

59
?????? ????????? IPv6
60
??????? ? IPv4 ?? IPv6
  • ?????????????? IPv6 ? IPv4
  • ???????
  • ?????????????? (6to4, Teredo)
  • ??????? ????
  • ?????????? ??????????
  • ??????????????? ? DNS
  • ???????
  • ???? ???? ?????? AAAA
  • ???? ?????? ip6.arpa

61
??????????????
62
????????? ????????
  • Multicasting

63
??????????
  • ????????????????
  • ??????????????? ??
  • ???????????????? ?? ??????? ???????????
  • ????????????????????? ????

64
??????????? ?????????? ???????
????????? ??????
Hosts
???????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????(IGMP)
Routers
????????? ????????? ?????????????
65
??????????? ?????????? ??????? (RFC1112)
  • ?????? ?????? ????? ???? IP-?????
  • ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?? ??????????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????
  • ????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????,
    ????? ???????
  • ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????
    ??????
  • ?????? ???? ? ?????????????? ????? ? ???, ???
    ???? ?????? ? ??????
  • ????????
  • ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????????,
    ??????? ????? ????? ????????????.

66
????????? ??????
  • IP-?????? ?????? D
  • 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
  • ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????
  • ????????????? - ???????????? IANA
  • ????????? ????????????? ????????????

67
IP Multicast API
  • ???????? ??????? (????, sendto)
  • ????????? ??? ????? ???????
  • Join Group ????????????? ? ??????
  • Leave Group ????? ?? ??????
  • ????????? ??????? ????????? recvfrom
  • ???????????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????
    setsockopt( IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP )

68
IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
  • ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????
  • ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ? ??????? ??
    ?????? ??????? Socket API ????????? ? ???
    ?????? IGMP
  • ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?
    ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????

69
IGMP ????????????? ? ??????
  • ?????? R ?????????????? ? ?????? 224.2.0.1
  • R ???????? IGMP Membership-Report ?? ??????
    224.2.0.1
  • DR ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????????
    ?????? ?????? 224.2.0.1 ? ???? ?
  • DR ???????????? ????????? IGMP Membership-Query
    ?? ?????? 224.0.0.1
  • R ????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? 224.2.0.1

IGMP Membership-Report
R
???? A
DR
?????? ??? 224.2.0.1
???? B
R - ??????????DR ???????????? ??????
70
IGMP ????? ?? ??????
  • ?????? R ???????? ?????? 224.2.0.1
  • R ?????????? IGMP Leave-Group to 224.2.0.1
  • DR ???????? ???
  • ???? ? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????
    224.2.0.1 ?? DR ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????.

IGMP Leave-Group
R
???? A
DR
?????? ??? 224.2.0.1
???? B
R - ??????????DR ???????????? ??????
71
??? ???????? IGMP
Q
??????????????
????????? ???????
  • ????? ???????????????, ?????????????? ? ????? ?
    ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ?????
    ??????????
  • ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????
    ????? Membership Query ??? ???? ?????
    (224.0.0.1), ? TTL 1
  • ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? G, ??
    ??????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ?????
    (?? 0 ?? 10 ?)

72
??? ???????? IGMP
Q
??????????????
????????? ???????
G
G
G
G
  • ????? ????? ???????? ???????????, ???? ??????????
    ????? Membership Report ?? ?????? G, ? TTL 1
  • ?????? ????? G ??????? ?????, ????????????? ????
    ???????
  • ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?
    ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????
    ??? ??????????

73
??? ???????? IGMP
  • ???????, ??? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ??
    ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????
    ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??-?? ??????????? ?
    ??????????
  • ?????? ??????? 1 - 1,5 ???
  • ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????, ??
    ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????, ??
    ????????? ??????? ??????????????

74
???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? TTL
75
??????????????????????? ???????
  • ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??
    ????????? ?? ???? ???????????
  • ???????? ??????????????? ? ??????????
  • ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?
    ????
  • ????????? ???????? ??? ????????, ??? ???
    ???????????
  • ????????? DVMRP, PIM-DM
  • ????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??????
  • ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????, ? ???????
    ???? ??????????
  • ???? ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??
    ???????????
  • ?????? ?????????? ? ????, ???? ?????? ???-?? ??
    ???? ???? ????????? ?? ? ????? ??????? ? ??????
    ????????
  • ?????? MOSPF, PIM-SM

76
????????? ??????????
  • ???????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????/????????????
    ?????
  • ?????????
  • ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????????
  • ??????? ?????????????????
  • ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? TCP
  • ???? ??????????, ?????????????? ?????????????????
    ????????
  • ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????????
    ????????????????? ????????
  • ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????
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