Title: Emotion
1Emotion
2Theories of Emotions
- Emotion are a mix of
- Physiological activation - Physical response
- Expressive behaviors - Behavior
- Conscious experience Thinking and Feelings
3James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
The Stimulus
- William James and Carl Lange completely opposed
to common-sense view. - Proposes that physiological activity precedes the
emotional experience. - The body changes ultimately cause to feel
emotions
Physical Reaction
Emotion
4Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
- How can that theory be true if similar
physiological changes correspond with drastically
different emotional states. - The physiological change (bodys arousal) and
cognitive awareness (emotions) must occur
separately (but simultaneously). - Routed to the cortex and the Sympathetic NS at
the same time by the Thalamus.
5Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
- Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer explains
emotions more completely that the other two
theories. - They happen at the same time but
- To experience the emotion the person must be
physically aroused AND cognitively label the
arousal. - Biology and Cognition interact with each other to
increase the experience.
6(No Transcript)
7Two Routes to Emotion
Lazarus/Schachter
Zajonc/LeDoux
8Lie Detectors
- Called a polygraph.
- Measures several of the physiological responses
accompanying emotion - Perspiration
- Heart rate
- Blood pressure
- Breathing changes
9Lie Detectors
- 50 Innocents
- 50 Thieves
- --1/3 of innocent declared guilty
- --1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from
Kleinmuntz Szucko, 1984)
10Lie Detectors
- Is 70 accuracy good?
- Assume 5 of 1000 employees actually guilty.
- --test all employees
- --285 will be wrongly accused
- What about 95 accuracy?
- Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty.
- --test all employees (including 999 innocents)
- --50 wrongly declared guilty
- --1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2)
11Expressing Emotion
12Neuroscience of Emotions
13Know how emotions affect the ANS
14Arousal and Performance
- Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for
difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or
well-learned tasks. - For MOST tasks though, you want moderate levels
of arousal.
Performance level
Difficult tasks
Easy tasks
Low
Arousal
High
15Role of Neurotransmitters Hormones
- Important Roles in Emotion
- Low serotonin ? Depression.
- High levels of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine ?
Anger and Fear.
16The Limbic System and Emotions
- The Amygdala is a neural key to fear learning.
- Also involved in rage and aggression.
- Integrates the hormonal and neural emotional
aspects.
17Role of the Cortex and Emotions
- In general
- the right hemisphere specializes in negative
emotions and - the left hemisphere specializes in positive
emotions.
18Expressed Emotion
People more speedily detect an angry face than a
happy one.
19Expressing Emotion
- Gender and expressiveness
20Expressing Emotion
- Non-verbal communication - gestures, body
language, facial expressions. - Introverts better at reading others emotions.
- Extroverts easier to read.
21Culture and Emotional Expression
- Gestures and their meaning vary from culture to
culture. - Individualist cultures show more intense and
prolonged emotions. - http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdwJ-wwF9XVs
22Detecting and Computing Emotion
- Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving
emotions. Even trained professionals like police
officers, psychiatrists, judges, and
polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only
54 of the time.
Which of Paul Ekmans smiles is genuine?
23Culture and Emotional Expression
- When culturally diverse people were shown basic
facial expressions, they did fairly well at
recognizing them.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-PFqzYoKkCc
24Experienced Emotion
- Infants naturally occurring emotions
25Two Dimensions of Emotion
Blue Psychological Pink Physiological
26Anger
- Anger carries the mind away, (Virgil, 70-19
B.C.), but makes any coward brave, (Cato
234-149 B.C.).
27Anger
- People generally become angry with friends and
loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if
they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. - People are also angered by foul odors, high
temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains. - If youre angry at someone about something tell
them directly.
28Anger - Cultural Gender Differences
- Boys tend to respond to anger by moving away from
that situation or exercising, while girls talk to
their friends or listen to music. - Anger also breeds prejudice (Like the 9/11
attacks did). - Individualized cultures encourage venting not
collectivist cultures.
29Fear
- Fear can be learned through conditioning
- as well as through observation.
30Dont forget the Amygdala!
- The neural key to fear learning.
- Like a guard dog, it is continuously alert for
threats.
31Happiness
- People who are happy
- perceive the world as being safer.
- make decisions easily.
- are more cooperative.
- live healthier, energized, and more satisfied
lives.
32Predictors of Happiness
33Experiencing Emotion
- Catharsis
- Emotional release.
- Catharsis hypothesis
- Releasing aggressive energy (through action or
fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
34Experiencing Emotion
- Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
- Peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a
good mood.
35Experiencing Emotion
- Subjective Well-Being
- Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with
life.
36Experienced Emotion
Moods across the day
37Experienced Emotion
Does money buy happiness?
38Values Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report
higher life satisfaction.
39Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
- Tendency to form judgments relative to a
neutral level. - If you get a raise in salary, you feel good. But
once you adjust to that new salary level, you
need another raise to get that same feeling
again. - Success and failure are always relative to our
recent experiences.
40Experiencing Emotion
- Relative Deprivation
- Perception that one is worse off relative to
those with whom one compares oneself.