Wilson

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Wilsons Fourteen Points

• To End All Wars

Power point created by Robert Martinez Primary
content material obtained from History
Alive! Photographs and Illustrations as cited.
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• On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson went
  before Congress to explain his war aims.
• Although the war was still raging, he stated an
  ambitious program to make the world fit and safe
  to live in.
• He called his blueprint for peace the Fourteen
  Points.

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End Causes of War

• The 1st goal of Wilsons peace plan was to
  eliminate the causes of wars.

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Self-Determination

• A 2nd goal was to ensure the right to
  self-determination for ethnic groups so they
  could control their own political futures.

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League of Nations

• The last goal called for setting up an
  international organization called the League of
  Nations to ensure world peace.
• Member nations would agree to protect one
  anothers independence and territorial integrity.

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Territorial Integrity

• Under the principle of territorial integrity,
  nations respect one anothers borders and do not
  try to gain another countrys territory by force.

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Fourteen Points 1

• Point One- Countries would not make secret
  treaties and alliances.
• Secret alliances had been a cause of WW I.

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Fourteen Points 2

• Ships would be able to travel freely in times of
  war.
• U-boat attacks on shipping had drawn the United
  States into WWI.

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Fourteen Points 3

• Free trade among countries would promote economic
  growth and reduce trade conflicts that could draw
  nations into war.

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Fourteen Points 4

• Countries would reduce their stockpiles of
  weapons.
• Militarism had been a cause of WW I.

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Fourteen Points 5

• The desires of colonial peoples would be taken
  into consideration in creating a more peaceful
  world.
• Imperialism and competition for colonies had been
  a cause of WW I.

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Fourteen Points 6-13

• Restoring land taken from countries by war would
  restore respect for international law.
• Redrawing borders on the basis of
  self-determination would reduce conflicts among
  ethnic groups.

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Fourteen Points 14

• Countries would work together in the League of
  Nations to resolve conflicts before those
  conflicts escalated into war.

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The Treaty of Versailles

• The Treaty of Versailles negotiated in Paris
  redrew the map of Europe, granting
  self-determination to some groups.
• Some Allies sought revenge on Germany, insisting
  on a war-guilt clause and reparations from
  Germany.

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The Big Four

• When the heads of the 4 major Allies- France,
  Great Britain, Italy, and the United States (The
  Big Four) met in Paris for peace talks, they
  were more focused on self-interest than on
  Wilsons plan.

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Wilsons Plan Crumbles

• France was concerned with security. France
  hoped to weaken Germany to the point that it
  could never threaten France again by greatly
  reducing its army.

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Hang the Kaiser

• Lloyd George of England, insisted that Germany
  accept responsibility for starting the war by
  inclusion of the war-guilt clause.
• The treaty required Germany to pay 33 billion in
  reparations to the Allies.

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Reparations

• Reparations are payments demanded of a defeated
  nation by the victor in a war to offset the cost
  of the war.
• Germans resented both the war-guilt clause and
  reparations, fearing that the payments would
  cripple their economic recovery.

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Wilson Compromises

• The other countries had lost many lives and
  property, and they expected compensation.
• The Allies had borrowed huge sums form
  American banks to finance the war. They hoped to
  repay these debts with reparations from Germany.
• Wilson reluctantly agreed to the harsh
  treatment of Germany.

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Dividing the Spoils

• Parts of Germany were given to France, Poland,
  Denmark, and Belgium, with little thought about
  the desires of the people living there.
• Britain, France, Italy, and Japan grabbed German
  colonies in China, the Pacific, and Africa.

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League of Nations Charter

• Wilson hoped that including the League of Nations
  in the final treaty would make up for his
  compromises on other issues.
• He believed that by providing collective security
  and a framework for peaceful talks, the League
  would fix many problems the treaty had created.

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Collective Security

• Wilson believed that the League would maintain
  peace by providing collective security for its
  members.
• Collective security is a commitment by many
  countries to join together to deal with a nation
  that threatens peace.

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Ratifying the Versailles Treaty

• Wilson required a 2/3 majority vote from the U.S.
  Senate to ratify the treaty.

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Opposition

• Reservationists, such as Senator Henry Cabot
  Lodge, were concerned with Article 10 of the
  Leagues charter. This article focused on
  collective security.
• It required member nations to work together, and
  even supply troops, to keep peace.
• Reservationists feared this would draw the U.S.
  into wars without approval from Congress.

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Taking It to the People

• President Wilson decides to gain public support
  directly by planning a nationwide speaking tour.

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Wilsons Tour

• The president embarked on a 8,000mile speaking
  tour of the West. He spoke up to 4 times a day.
• On September 25, 1919, the president collapses in
  Pueblo, Colorado.
• His doctor stopped the tour, and Wilsons train
  sped back to Washington D.C.

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Assistant President 1st American Woman
President ?

• A few days after returning to the White House,
  Wilson has a major stroke that leaves him
  paralyzed (dying months later.)
• Wilsons wife, Edith, is called the assistant
  president, for making decisions on behalf of her
  husband.

First Lady Edith Wilson
President Wilsons Funeral
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Partisanship defeats the Treaty

• In the end, Partisan politics and Wilsons
  refusal to compromise led to the treatys
  rejection and ended Wilsons hopes for U.S.
  membership in the League of Nations.

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Inflation and Unemployment

• Issues closer to home occupy most American
  concerns, including inflation and unemployment.

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The Big Question ?

• Could World War II have been avoided if the U.S.
  had joined the League of Nations ?

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