The New Republic

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The New Republic
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Study Guide Identifications

• Northwest Ordinance
• Treaty of Fort Stanwix
• Elitists
• Democrats
• Shays Rebellion
• Annapolis Convention
• Articles of Confederation
• Federal Convention
• Federalists
• Anti-federalists

• Benjamin Franklin
• Benjamin Rush
• Thomas Jefferson
• 1790 Immigration Act
• Buffalo Party
• Treaty of Greenville
• Tenskwatawa
• Tecumseh

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Study Guide Focus Questions

• What considerations did founding fathers debate
  when deciding how to structure the new
  government?
• What events led leadership to reconsider the
  Articles of Confederation and devise the
  Constitution?
• What political factions arose out of this debate
  and whose interests did they serve?

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Post War

• Crisis of Demobilizing the continental army
• 1778 Congress promised officers life pensions at
  half pay in exchange for enlistment
• 1783 Congress made no provisions
• Officers fearful they would lose their pensions,
• pressured congress, petitioned demanding that
  pensions be converted to a bonus equal to five
  years of full pay, or 10 at half.
• Congress rejected the petition

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The Letter

• General Horatio Gates, backed by congressional
  nationalists circulated a letter arguing for
  direct military intervention calling an
  extraordinary meeting of the officer corps at
  Newburgh
• Washington ignored the meeting, at his own he
  addressed those assembled condemning the letter
  but convinced congress to convert the pensions
  into bonuses
• Averting a military coup
• Common men were provided 3 months pay as a bonus
  and discharged at Washingtons instructions

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Westward Expansion

• 1784 congress extended national authority over
  the west
• Thomas Jefferson drafted legislation
• Population 20,000 in a territory could call a
  constitutional convention and government
• When the population reached the population of the
  smallest of the original 13 colonies, they could
  petition for statehood
• Congress accepted those proposals but rejected a
  vote of 7 to 6 Jeffersons clause forever
  prohibiting slavery in the west

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Land Ordinance 1785

• Provided for the survey and sale of western lands
• Ordered system of survey, divided land into
  townships composed 640 acres
• To establish a revenue base for government
  congress provided for the auction of public land
  for no less than a dollar per acre

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Treaties of Fort Stanwix (1784) Fort McIntosh
(1785)

• Congressional commissioners forced Iroquois
  other Ohio Tribes to cede portions of their
  territory
• intimidation
• seized hostages
• forcing compliance

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Northwest Ordinance 1787

• Congress established a system of government for
  the territory north of Ohio
• 3-5 states to be created, slavery prohibited

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Local Identity

• National government distant
• Social political identity located in local
  communities states rather than the American
  nation
• New Democratic ideology
• 1774-1775 political mobilization broadened
  participation
• Mass meetings
• Greater numbers voted
• Democratic position taken by farmers, artisans
  ordinary people and challenged colonial Tory
  position of the purpose of government

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Who would Rule America?

• Elitists or conservatives later the Federalists
• Constituency Wealthier, better educated
• Residents of Urban areas, commercially oriented
  towns, agricultural districts
• Franchise limited to property holders/wealthy
  elite
• Maintain power and wealth of the elite
• Democrats or Radicals later the Democratic
  Republicans or Anti-Federalists
• Constituency Small farmers who predominated in
  America
• Believed common man capable of self-government
• The essential task of government was to preserve
  the liberties of the people from greed and
  corruption of those who wielded power

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1776-77 State Constitutions

• 1776 Constitutional Convention
• check the power of government to ensure liberty
  safeguard against Tyranny
• Weakened executive authority
• Increased power of legislature
• bill of rights to limit interference in citizens
  lives

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State Constitutions

• First post-revolution debates focused on an
  appropriate governmental structure for the new
  states
• Democrats believed the ideal form of government
• community or town meeting,
• people set their own tax rates,
• Militia
• schools churches
• regulated the local economy
• State government only needed for coordination
  among communities

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Conservative/Whig position

• Need for balanced government
• The unthinking many should be checked by strong
  executive and an upper house
• Insulated from popular control by property
  qualifications and long terms in office
• Greatest danger was majority tyranny, which might
  lead to violation of property rights and
  dictatorship

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Virginia State Constitution

• Declaration of Rights 1776
• Written by wealthy planter, democrat political
  philosopher George Mason
• All men are by nature equally free and
  independent, and have certain inherent rights,
  namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with
  the means of acquiring and possessing property
  and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.
• Sovereignty resided in the people, the government
  was a servant of the people and the people had a
  right to reform, alter or abolish that government
• Guarantees of due process, trial by jury in
  criminal prosecutions,
• Prohibitions against excessive bail cruel and
  unusual punishment
• People assured of the free exercise of religion,
  according to the dictates of conscience
• Freedom of the press guaranteed as one of the
  great bulwarks of liberty

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New Jersey

• 1776 granted all inhabitants of full age, who
  resided there 12 months minimum worth 50 pounds
  the right to vote
• Enfranchised single women who voted en massed and
  who were outspoken on political issues
• After males protests, the legislature passed new
  law limiting the right to vote to free white male
  citizens (1807)

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Articles of Confederation

• Drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress
• Established a firm league of Friendship between
  and among the 13 states
• Reflected wariness by the states of a strong
  central government
• Vested the largest share of power in individual
  states
• Denied Congress the power to collect taxes,
  regulate interstate commerce and enforce laws.

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1776 - 1780

• 13 states plus Vermont adopted constitutions
• Shaped by the debate between radicals,
  conservatives, democrats Whigs
• Pennsylvania adopted the most radically
  democratic constitutions
• assembly would be elected annually by all free
  male taxpayers
• North Carolina, Georgia, Vermont followed this
  model
• Vermont adopted universal male suffrage
• South Carolina Maryland created conservative
  institutions designed to maintain disparity
  between classes

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Crisis of the 1780s

• Depression that produced political protests,
• Shays Rebellion generated a strong nationalist
  sentiment among elite circles
• August 29, 1786
• Revolutionary veteran, Daniel Shay led an armed
  rebellion against the harsh taxes placed upon
  farmers in which the arsenal at Springfield,
  Mass. Was threatened.
• significance elite wanted a re-evaluation of the
  Articles of Confederation, to create a government
  that could effectively manage peoples rebellions

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Annapolis Convention, 1786

• Hamilton called the meeting in Maryland for
  representatives of all 13 states
• 12 Delegates, 5 States
• Powerful political movement dedicated to
  strengthening national government
• Annapolis Convention 1786
• passed a resolution requesting that the
  Confederation Congress call on all state to send
  delegates to a national convention to revise the
  articles of confederation

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Federal ConventionPhiladelphia 1787

• Centralization in favor of merchants, bankers,
  planters conservatives
• How much power to allow the central government
• How many representatives in congress to allow
  each state
• How the representatives should be elected
• Directly or by state legislatures

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The Federalist Papers

• Written between 1787-88 by nationalists
• 85 articles arguing for the ratification of the
  United States Constitution
• Primary source for the interpretation of the
  constitution
• Outline the philosophy and motivation for the
  proposed system of government
• Most people believed the constitution granted too
  much power to the central government, weakening
  the autonomy of local communities and states

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Federalist Papers

• Federalist No. 10
• Advocates for a large, strong republic to guard
  against factions," groups of citizens with
  interests contrary to the rights of others or the
  interests of the whole community.
• Federalist No. 84 opposition to Bill of Rights
• Anti-Federalist Papers
• Collection of articles written in opposition to
  the ratification of the 1787 Constitution of the
  United States in favor of Bill of rights

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Bill of Rights 1791Legacy of Anti-federalists

• Freedom of religion
• Freedom of assembly
• Freedom of Speech
• Freedom of the press
• Right of Petition
• Right to bear Arms
• Restrain government from unreasonable searches or
  seizures
• Guaranteed traditional legal rights under common
  law
• Prohibition of double jeopardy
• Right not to be compelled to testify against
  oneself
• Due process of law before life, liberty, or
  property could be taken
• Unremunerated rights of people protects
• Powers not delegated to federal government were
  reserved for the states

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The Constitution, 1787

• Admirers
• Laid the foundation for the democratization and
  expansion of the Republic
• Critics
• Undermines democratic principles of the
  Declaration of Independence in order to safeguard
  the interests of the wealthy

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The United States

• George Washington 1789
• New Government planters, merchants, financiers
• Organized Americas export based on foreign trade
• Composition of American Population
• 9 0f 10 Americans lived on farms
• Non Citizens
• Lived under patriarchal government of men
• 1/5 of Americans were African American

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Post Revolution White Men

• 60-85 White men owned land Political access
• 25 other
• Unskilled laborers and mariners
• Working poor indentured servants
• Walking poor vagrants transients
• Jailed, confined to work houses, auctioned out
  for labor

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Women Post Revolution

• Limited gains in exchange for war time
  participation
• Slightly less restrictive divorce laws
• Greater access to educational business
  opportunities
• Perception of womens moral status rose
• 1787 Benjamin Rush Thoughts Upon Female
  Education
• Birth of Republican Motherhood
• Common law women surrendered all property rights
  at marriage
• Economically and politically subordinate to men
  full control over women and childrens lies
• Some protest most women socialized to accept
  position

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African Americans

• Thousands of black fighters and their families
  left America and resettled
• Samuel Johnson in 1775 asked How is it that we
  hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the
  drivers of Negroes?
• 30,000 fled Virginia alone
• West Indies
• Canada
• Liberia, Africa

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Africans in the South

• Growth of Free black communities
• Shift in religious and intellectual climate
• Principles of liberty and equality evangelical
  notions of human fellowship
• Weakening of tobacco farming in the Chesapeake
  colonies
• Freedom gained
• 200,000 free by the end of the 1700s
• Military service
• Fleeing north

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Africans in the North

• Gradual Emancipation Program in the North
• 1777-1784 northern states ended slavery
• Vermont 1777, Mass. 1780, N Hampshire 1784, Penn,
  CT, RI.
• Children of slaves would be freed at Birth
• 1810 30,000 remained enslaved in the North
• Due to racism and Prejudice
• Discrimination in housing, jobs, political system
  and education
• Churches self-help organizations formed

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African American Intellectuals

• Benjamin Banneker
• born free in MD most accomplished mathematician
  Astronomer of his time
• Jupiter Hammon
• NY Slave, took up contemporary issues in poems
  and issues
• Address to the Negroes of the State of New York
  1787
• Phyllis Wheatley
• Boston Slave, Poems on Various Subjects,
  Religious and Moral
• In every human breast God has implanted a
  principle, which we call love of freedom it is
  impatient of oppression, and pants for
  deliverance. The Same Principle lives in us
• Written to Mohegan Indian Minister Samuel Occom
  in 1774

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Who would be included?

• Benjamin Rush Diseases of the Mind
• Father of Psychiatry
• Established first asylums
• Intellectual
• slave holder white nationalist
• Benjamin Franklin
• The Lovely White
• Thomas Jefferson
• Repatriation

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Lovely White

• Benjamin Franklin argued in Observations
  Concerning the Increase of Mankind that the
  number of purely white people in the world was
  very small and he wished there were more of them.
  
• And while we arescouring our planet, by
  clearing America of woods, and so making this
  side of our globe reflect a brighter light to the
  eues of inhabitants in mars or venus, why should
  we in the sight of superior beings, darken its
  people? Why increase the sons of Africa, by
  planting them in America, where we have so fair
  an opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and
  Tawneys, of increasing the lovely white?

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Jeffersons Homogenous White Society

• Member of the House of Burgesses
• supported an effort for the emancipation of
  slaves and in Notes on the State of Virginian
• recommended the gradual abolition of slavery and
  the elimination of principles inconsistent with
  republicanism
• During the 1780s after the enactment of the
  Virginia Manumission law, 10,000 people gained
  their freedom,
• his 200 slaves were not among them .
• He viewed women as breeders and children as
  profit, and would only in theory be willing to
  make the sacrifice of freeing all his slaves if
  they would be removed from the United States.

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Repatriation

• 25 years, during which the population would
  double
• 600 million dollars
• cost of removal would be 300 million.
• He argued for the deportation of future
  generations.
• Black infants would be taken from their mothers,
  trained in industrious occupations until they
  reached an appropriate age for deportation.
• This would reduce the loss of revenue from 37.5
  million because infants were only worth 25.50.
• The old stock would eventually die off until no
  blacks remained in America
• Jefferson recommended Sierra Leone and the west
  Indies for relocation

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1790 Congressional debate

• affirmed its commitment to the pure principles
  of Republicanism and its determination to develop
  a citizenry of good and useful men, a homogenous
  society.
• Only the worthy part of mankind should be
  encouraged to settle in the new republic and be
  eligible for citizenship.

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1790 Naturalization Immigration Act

• Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to
  White Persons
• This racial prerequisite to citizenship endured
  until 1952
• From 1907 1920 one million people gained
  citizenship under the racially restrictive
  naturalization laws, many more were rejected.
• The courts established by law what determined a
  petitioners race
• Skin color, facial features, national origin,
  language, culture, ancestry, speculations of
  scientists, popular opinion or some combination
  of these factors?

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Pre-requisite cases

• The courts offered many different rationales to
  justify the various racial divisions they
  advanced
• Common knowledge
• Appealed to popular, widely held conceptions of
  races and racial divisions
• Justified the assignment of petitioners to one
  race or another by reference to common beliefs
  about race
• Scientific evidence
• Supposedly objective, technical and specialized
  knowledge
• Justified racial divisions by reference to the
  naturalistic studies of humankind
• Informed by, interpreted by, based on reasoning
  or logic of common knowledge
• Websters definition of race

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Women, Immigration and Race

• Issue of women and citizenship
• eligibility for naturalization depended on women
  marital status
• congress in 1855, declared that a foreign woman
  automatically acquired citizenship upon marriage
  to a US citizen or upon the naturalization of her
  alien husband
• 1895 treatise on naturalization a woman partakes
  of her husbands nationality her nationality is
  merged in that of her husband, her political
  status follows that of her husband
• 1868 only white women could gain citizenship by
  marrying a citizen
• 1922 naturalization of women upon her marriage to
  a citizen or upon the naturalization of her
  husband ended

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Womens citizenship, restrictions of race

• Citizenship of American born women affected by
  gender-racial restrictions
• many courts stripped women of citizenship if they
  married non citizens
• 1907 American womans marriage to an alien
  terminated her citizenship
• 1922 congress partially appealed this act
• Continued to expatriate any woman who married a
  foreigner racially barred from citizenship any
  woman citizen who marries an alien ineligible to
  citizenship shall cease to be a citizen
• Marriage to a non white alien by an American
  woman was skin to treason against the country
• While a traitor lost his citizenship after trial,
  a woman lost it automatically
• Repealed in 1931

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Maintaining the lovely white

• The laws governing the racial composition of this
  countrys citizenry came bound up with and
  exacerbated by sexism
• Women were doubly bound by racial laws,
  restricted as individuals, and less than because
  they were wives (femme coverture)

43
Little Turtles War1790

• Military confederacy of Shawnee, Delaware
  others under Miami war chief Little Turtle
• Successfully launched against General Josiah
  Harmar in 1790 and then against another American
  force in 1791 killing 900 Americans

44
Whiskey Rebellion

• Congress places a tax on distillation of whiskey
  for increased revenue
• Many farm families produced from surplus corn
• Farmers protested internal taxes upon
  consumption are dangerous to the civil rights of
  freemen, and must in the end destroy the
  liberties of every country in which they are
  introduced
• 13,000 federal army troops ordered to occupy
  Mingo Creek, Western Pennsylvania

45
Indian Policy of the United States Original
Foreign Policy

• Buffalo Party and Federal policy

46
American Indian Policy1780 -1820

• Centralized control of Indian policy
• State and local officials challenged the right of
  congress to administer Indian policy on a
  national level, often arguing that national
  politicians were too soft on former enemies of
  the united states.
• Buffalo Party
• Policy of extermination of all Indians.
• greatly swayed public opinion resulting in the
  election of many more officials that hated
  Indians.

47
Land

• A New York editor, Brackenridge
• rather than whites acknowledging Indian title to
  any land he believed that they had surrendered
  their claim having not made better use of it
  and by not doing so forfeited all pretense to a
  claim.

48
Western Indian Confederacy

• War along the Ohio continued throughout the 1780s
  and 1790s
• Shawnee leader, Tecumseh
• Forming diplomatic relationships among southern
  tribes.
• Confederacy designed to unite several native
  nations in a political and military movement in
  an effort to drive whites from their lands.

1791-92 Indian State
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Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794
American General, Wayne Anthony
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Treaty of Greenville, 1795

• 12 nations forced to surrender a portion of
  eastern Indiana and all of Ohio
• Opened millions of acres of land to settlement
• Promised to end to British alliance

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Rise of a Prophet

• Lalawetheka 1805 Tenskwatawa or Open Door
• Doctrine of active resistance against white
  expansion and institutions.
• End alcohol consumption
• End adoption of white culture
• Unite people against a common foe

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Tenskwatawa

• 1806 Indiana territorial governor Harrison
• wrote to the Delaware "if he is really a prophet,
  ask him to cause the sun to stand still, the moon
  to alters its course, the rivers to cease to
  flow"
• Tenskwatawa accepted the challenge
• Pointed out the day in which he would blot out
  the sun and assembled numerous followers on June
  16, 1806.
• total eclipse of the sun occurred.
• His stock as a spiritual leader soared and
  hundreds of people joined his resistance
  movement.

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Tecumseh

• Tecumseh - military and political solution to
  white expansion
• Meeting with Governor Harrison 1810
• No Indian or tribe has the right to sell even to
  each other much less to strangers that land was
  held in trust by all native Americans
• This land that was sold, and the goods that
  were given for it was only done by a few
• He was threatening Harrison not to crowd the
  people out of their country or it would produce
  trouble between them

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• 1811 Tecumseh informed Harrison of the
  Confederacy
• If you want to avoid war, move off Indian lands
• Enlisting support of Shawnees, Kickapoo's,
  Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles,
  Muscogee
• War now, war forever, war upon the living, war
  upon the dead
• The only hope of the red man is a war of
  extermination against all whites
• War of 1812
• English Alliances

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Battle of Moravian town/Thames in 1813

• 1813 Britains betrayal ended in Tecumsehs death
  and the failure of the confederacies
• Resistance continued, some factions of the same
  tribes that fought with the British sided with
  the Americans only to be turned on after the war.
  Some Delaware's, Shawnees, Seneca's, Wyandot,
  Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Muscogee

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War of 1812

• The war had two major causes repeated British
  violations of American sovereignty, and American
  expansionism, which was later expressed as
  manifest destiny.
• 1812-1815
• Ended with the
• Treaty of Ghent