Diseases

1
Diseases

• Chapter 24-26

2
Myth or Fact

• A person can get an STD only through sexual
  activity with many people
• Abstinence from sexual activity is 100
  effective in preventing STDs and the sexual
  transmission of HIV or Hepatitis B
• All STDs can be cured with antibiotics
• Anyone with an STD will have symptoms
• Many cases of HIV/AIDS go unreported

3
Myth or Fact

• A person can have only one type of STD at a
  time.
• After a person can have only one type of STD at
  a time
• After a person has been treated for an STD, he
  or she cant get it again
• Untreated STDs including HIV/AIDs can be fatal
• Nationwide, STDs are on the rise among teen.

4
Disease by type of Pathogen
Viruses Bacteria Fungi
-Common cold -Influenza (Flu) -Viral Hepatitis -AIDS -Viral Meningitis -Chicken Pox -Bacteria foodborne illness -strep throat -Lyme disease -Bacteria Meningitis -Athletes Foot -Ringworm -Yeast Infection
5
How Communicable Diseases are Transmitted

• Direct contact-With a infected person or animal
  or with something in the environment.
• includes touching, biting, kissing, and sexual
  contact.
• Sneezing and coughing can spray infections
  droplets if saliva or music onto a nearby
  persons eyes, nose, or mouth.
• Indirect contact- some communicable diseases can
  be transmitted indirectly, with out being close
  to an infected person.
• Includes Contaminated Objects, can become
  contaminated with infectious discharges or
  secretions (ex person with a cold sneezes on the
  table, you touch the table then touch your nose
  or eyes. Vectors, an organism, usually a tick,
  that carries and transmits pathogen to humans or
  other animals. Water and Food, contamination of
  the food (salmonella)
• Airborne Transmission- Pathogens from a sneeze
  or a cough may float in the air for a long time
  and travel long distances.

6
Common Communicable Disease

• Respiratory Inflections
• The most common communicable disease. These
  infections can occur anywhere from the nose to
  the lungs. Could be a viruses or bacterial.
• Could reduce risk by avoiding close contact with
  people who are infected, washing your hands
  often, keeping your hands away from your eyes and
  nose. Smoking can contribute to illness by
  damaging cilia and irritating respiratory
  passages.
• Common Cold
• A viral inflection that cause inflammation of the
  mucoud membranes that line the nose and throat
• No cure for the common cold. Treatment is for
  relief of symptoms, most colds clear up in a week
  or so.
• Influenza
• Or the flu, is a viral infections of the
  respiratory tract. It is most often spread
  through airborne transmission but also may spread
  through direct or indirect contact. Flu can lead
  to pneumonia.

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Common Communicable Disease

• Pneumonia-
• an infection of the lungs in which the air sacs
  fill with pus and other liquids.
• Pneumonia is one of the top ten deaths in the Us.
  
• Viral pneumonia is relatively short lived and
  produces symptoms similar to those in influenza.
  
• Antiviral drugs are used in some case.
• Bacterial pneumonia can be treated with
  antibiotics if diagnosed early.
• When body defenses are weakened in some way, the
  bacterial can get into the lungs and multiply.

8
Common Communicable Disease

• Strep Throat
• is a bacterial infection spread by direct
  contact, often through droplets that are coughed
  or sneezed into the air.
• Symptoms of step throat include a sore throat,
  fever, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.
• Untreated, strep throat conlead to serious
  complications, including inflammation of the
  kidneys and rheumatic fever, which can cause
  permanent heart damage.
• Strep throat can be treated with antibiotics.

9
Common Communicable Disease

• Tuberculosis
• or TB is a bacterial disease that usually
  attacks the lungs.
• TB is spread through the air when a person with
  the disease coughs or sneezes.
• Most people who are infected carry the bacteria
  in their lungs but never develop the disease
  because the bodys defenses prevent the bacteria
  from multiplying and spreading to others.
• People with weakened immune systems are more
  likely to develop the active disease with
  symptoms that include fatigue, coughing, fever,
  night sweats, and weight loss.
• People with the active disease can spread TB.

10
Common Communicable Disease

• Hepatitis is inflammation of the lover and can
  be cause by chemicals, including ATODs. or by
  different pathogens.
• The hepatitis A,B, and C viruses are some of the
  most common causes of this type of liver damage,
  and there is no cure for them .
• However, vaccines for hepatitis A and B are
  available

11
Hepatitis A

• Is another of the top 10 communicable diseased
  in the US.
• About 1.5 million people worldwide are newly
  infected each year.
• The hepatitis A virus is most commonly spread
  through contact with feces of an infected person.
  
• Infected people who do not wash their hands
  properly may contaminate objects or food or
  spread the virus through direct contact.
• Symptoms include
• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice

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Hepatitis B

• Is a more serious disease than hepatitis A.
• The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in most
  bodily fluids of an infected person, especially
  blood.
• It is most often transmitted through sexual
  contact.
• It also can be transmitted through needles shared
  by infected drug users.
• Though most people who are infected NEVER
  experience symptoms, the hepatitis B frequently
  cause severe liver damage, including liver
  failure and cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver.
  
• More then 2 billion people worldwide have been
  infected with HBV. About 1.25 million people in
  the US have chronic HBV infection.
• Reduce the risk of Hepatitis B by
• Practicing abstinence from sexual contact and
  from illegal drug use.
• Do not share personal items, such as
  toothbrushes, razors, which could have trace
  amounts of saliva or blood.

13
Hepatitis C

• Is the most common chronic blood borne infection
  in the US. About 4 million Americans are
  infected.
• It is most often transmitted by direct contact
  with infected blood through contaminated needles
  shared by drug users.
• Hepatitis C can lead to chronic liver disease,
  liver cancer, or liver failure.
• It is the leading reason for liver transplantrs
  in the US.
• Up to 90 of those infected with the hepatitis C
  virus (HCV) dont realize they have the disease
  until years later when routine test show liver
  damage.
• Reduce the risk of Hepatitis C by
• Practicing abstinence from illegal drug use.
• Do not share personal items, such as
  toothbrushes, razors, which could have trace
  amounts of saliva or blood.

14
Sexually Transmitted diseases

• Sexually transmitted diseases or Sexually
  transmitted infections are infections diseases
  spread from person to person through sexual
  contact.
• A person can have an infection, and pass the
  infection to others, without necessarily having
  the disease
• Many cases of STD go undiagnosed and untreated.
  Why???
• Many people with the STDs are Asymptomatic
  (without symptoms). They do not seek treatment
  because they dont know they are infected. They
  dont get treated therefore continue to transmit
  STDs.
• Even when STDs are diagnosed, they may not be
  reported to health departments so that contacts
  can be notified and treats.

15
STDs

• High Risk Behavior and STDs
• 15 million new cases of STDs each year thats
  more then 10,000 young people infected everyday.
  
• Teens who are sexually active are likely to
  engage in one or more of the following high risk
  behaviors.
• Being sexually active
• Engaging in unprotected sex
• Selecting highrisk partners
• Using ATODs

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The Consequence STDs

• Some STDs are incurable
• The pathogens that cause these STDs cannot be
  eliminated from the body by medical treatment,
  such as antibiotics. The virus that cause
  gential herpes, HIV, AIDs, for example, remain in
  the body for life.
• Some STDs cause cancer
• The hepatitis B virus can cause cancer of the
  liver.
• The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cancer
  of the cervix.
• These STDs also cannot be cured and may last for
  a life time.
• Some STDs can cause complications that affect
  the ability to reproduce
• Females can develop pelvic inflammatory disease
  (PID) which damages reproductive organs and cause
  sterility
• Some STDs can be passed from an infected female
  to her child before, during, or after birth
• STDs can damage the bones, nervous system, and
  brain of a fetus. Premature births can result,
  infants infected with STDs at delivery may become
  blind or develop pneumonia and some may die.

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Preventing STDs

• Abstinence is the only way to prevent 100 of
  all STDs
• Abstinence is the deliberate decision to avoid
  harmful behaviors, including sexual activity
  before marriage and the use of ATOD.
• Use refusal skills to avoid situations in which
  you may be at risk.

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Human Papillomavirus(HPV)

• Is the most common sexually transmitted
  infection (STI).
• The virus infects the skin and mucous membranes.
• There are more than 40 HPV types that can infect
  the genital areas of men and women, including the
  skin of the penis, vulva (area outside the
  vagina), and anus, and the linings of the vagina,
  cervix, and rectum.
• You cannot see HPV. Most people who become
  infected with HPV do not even know they have it.
• Most people with HPV do not develop symptoms or
  health problems.
• But sometimes, certain types of HPV can cause
  genital warts in men and women.
• Other HPV types can cause cervical cancer and
  other less common cancers, such as cancers of the
  vulva, vagina, anus, and penis. The types of HPV
  that can cause genital warts are not the same as
  the types that can cause cancer.

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Human Papillomavirus(HPV)

• HPV types are often referred to as low-risk
  (wart-causing) or high-risk (cancer-causing),
  based on whether they put a person at risk for
  cancer.
• In 90 of cases, the bodys immune system clears
  the HPV infection naturally within two years.
  This is true of both high-risk and low-risk
  types.

20
Genital Warts

• Genital warts happen months after infection from
  HPV
• Genital warts may be small, flat, flesh-colored
  bumps or tiny, cauliflower-like bumps.
• In men, genital warts can grow on the penis,
  near the anus, or between the penis and the
  scrotum.
• In women, genital warts may grow on the vulva in
  the vagina and on the cervix. Genital warts vary
  in size and may even be so small that you can't
  see them.
• They can lead to cancer of the cervix in women
  or cancer of the penis in men.
• Infants born to females infected with HPV may
  develop warts in their throats, obstructing the
  breathing passages, which can be life
  threatening.

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Chlamydia

• Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that affects
  the reproductive organs of both males and
  females.
• Chlamydia is asymptomatic, meaning there are no
  visible symptoms. It often goes undetected until
  seriuos complications occur.
• In females who re untreated, the infection can
  caise pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and leas
  to chronic pelvic pain or infertility
• In males is can also lead to infertility
• When symptoms are presents males experience
  discharge from the penis and burning upon
  urination.
• Females may have vaginal discharge, burning upon
  urination, or abdominal pain.
• Chlamydia is diagnosed by laboratories
  examination of secretions from the cervix in
  females or from the urethra in males.
• Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics, but
  no immunity develops, so a person can become
  infected again.

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Genital Herpes

• Genital herpes is an STD caused by the herpes
  simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV.
  
• Type 1 usually causes cold sores
• Type 2 usually causes genital sores
• Most individuals have no or only minimal signs
  or symptoms.
• When signs do occur, they typically appear as one
  or more blisters on or around the genitals or
  rectum.
• The blisters break, leaving tender ulcers (sores)
  that may take two to four weeks to heal the first
  time they occur. Typically, another outbreak can
  appear weeks or months after the first, but it
  almost always is less severe and shorter than the
  first outbreak.  Although the infection can stay
  in the body indefinitely, the number of outbreaks
  tends to decrease over a period of years.
• Medication can relieve the symptoms, but cannot
  cure herpes infection one contracted, the virus
  remains in the body for LIFE.
• The herpes virus is potentially fatal for
  infants who contract the virus from their mothers
  ar the time of delivery. The virus may also play
  a major role in the spread of HIV by making
  people who are infected with herpes more capable
  of transmitting or acquiring HIV

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Gonorrhea

• Gonorrhea is a bacterial STD that usually
  affects mucous membranes. The highest rates of
  gonorrhea infection are found in females from 15
  to 19 years old and in males 20 to 24 years old.
  
• Symptoms in males include a discharge from the
  penis and painful urination. Diagnosis in males
  is made by staining and examining the discharge
  under a microscope.
• 50 of females with gonorrhea have no symptoms.
  Whose woman with symptoms have vaginal discharge
  and pain or burning upon urination.
• Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics.
• If not treated it can lead to infertility for
  men or women.

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Trichomoniasis

• is a STD causes by a microscopic protozoan that
  results in infections of the vagina, urethra and
  bladder.
• Females may have no symptoms, however the
  disease may result is vaginitis.
• Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina
  characterized by discharge, odor, irritation, and
  itching.
• The organism can sometimes be seen in a Pap
  test.
• Males usually have no symptom, when symptoms
  occur, they include mild urethral itching or
  discharge and burning after urination.
• Usually men dont find out until their partners
  are infected.

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Syphilis

• Syphilis is an STD that attacks many parts of
  the body and is caused by a small bacterium call
  a spirochete.
• The first sign of infection is a painless
  reddish sore, call a chancre.
• The sore will heal on it own, but if the
  infection is not treated, it speads through the
  blood to other parts of the body.
• Eventually, the disease can damage organs,
  including the heart, liver, nervous system, and
  kidneys.
• If untreated the person is at risk of paralysis,
  convulsions, blindness, and heart disease.
• Syphilis can be transmitted from pregnant female
  to her fetus. An infant infected with syphilis
  may have a damaged nervous system and can die
  from the effects.

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Pubic lice

• Small insects that attach themselves onto your
  pubic hair.
• Symptom include itching, presence of lice and
  eggs in pubic hair
• Treatments include medicated soap, washing all
  bedding, towel and clothes.
• There are no lasting effects

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Human immunodeficiency Virus HIV

• HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system.
• The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the
  virus that leads to AIDS. HIV belongs to a subset
  of retroviruses called lentiviruses (or slow
  viruses), which means that there is an years
  between the initial infection and the onset of
  symptoms.
• Upon entering the bloodstream through mucous
  membranes or blood to blood contact HIV infects
  the T cells and begins to replicate rapidly.
• Scientists believe that when the virus enters
  the body, HIV begins to disable the body's immune
  system by using the body's aggressive immune
  responses to the virus to infect, replicate and
  kill immune system cells.
• Gradual deterioration of immune function and
  eventual destruction of lymphoid and immunologic
  organs is central to triggering the
  immunosuppression that leads to AIDS

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS

• Acquired means you can get infected with it
• Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's
  system that fights diseases.
• Syndrome means a group of health problems that
  make up a disease.
• AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human
  Immunodeficiency Virus. If you get infected with
  HIV, your body will try to fight the infection.
  It will make "antibodies," special molecules to
  fight HIV.
• A blood test for HIV looks for these antibodies.
  If you have them in your blood, it means that you
  have HIV infection. People who have the HIV
  antibodies are called "HIV-Positive."
• Being HIV-positive, or having HIV disease, is not
  the same as having AIDS. Many people are
  HIV-positive but don't get sick for many years.
  As HIV disease continues, it slowly wears down
  the immune system. Viruses, parasites, fungi and
  bacteria that usually don't cause any problems
  can make you very sick if your immune system is
  damaged.

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AIDS

• You don't actually "get" AIDS. You might get
  infected with HIV, and later you might develop
  AIDS. You can get infected with HIV from anyone
  who's infected, even if they don't look sick and
  even if they haven't tested HIV-positive yet. The
  blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk of
  people infected with HIV has enough of the virus
  in it to infect other people. Most people get the
  HIV virus by
• having sex with an infected person
• sharing a needle (shooting drugs) with someone
  who's infected
• being born when their mother is infected, or
  drinking the breast milk of an infected woman
• Getting a transfusion of infected blood used to
  be a way people got AIDS, but now the blood
  supply is screened very carefully and the risk is
  extremely low.
• There are no documented cases of HIV being
  transmitted by tears or saliva, but it is
  possible to be infected with HIV through oral sex
  or in rare cases through deep kissing, especially
  if you have open sores in your mouth or bleeding
  gums.

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Detecting HIV

• EIA test a test that screens for the presence of
  HIV antibodies in the blood. The EIA reacts to
  even small numbers of HIV antibodies. However
  the EIA may give inaccurate results such as
• Developing antibodies takes time- weeks or even
  moths after initial infection.
• Certain health condition- such as hemophilia,
  hepatitis and pregnancy can cause the EIA to give
  a false positive, reading.
• Western Blot Test- the most common confirmation
  test for HIV in the US. When done properly, this
  test is 100 accurate.

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Cardiovascular Disease

• Noncommunicable Diseases- is a disease that is
  not transmitted by another person, a vector, or
  the environment.
• Cardiovascular Disease is a disease that affects
  the heart or blood vessels.
• 61 million Americans have some form of the
  disease.
• Heredity-Children whose parents have CVD are
  more likely to develop CVD themsevles
• Gender- Men have a greater risk of developing
  CVD earlier in life and a greater risk of having
  a heart attack then woman do.
• Age- 80 of people who die from CVD are 65 or
  older

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Types of Cardiovascular Disease

• Hypertension- is high blood pressure, pressure
  that is continually about the normal range for a
  particular person. High blood pressure, is
  dangerous because it makes the heart work harder
  to pump blood to the body and it contributes to
  hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis and
  the development of heart failure.
• Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing
  against blood vessel walls. The heart pumps blood
  into the arteries (blood vessels), which carry
  the blood throughout the body.
• The exact causes of hypertension are not known.
  Several factors and conditions may play a role in
  its development, including
• The exact causes of hypertension are not known.
  Several factors and conditions may play a role in
  its development, including
• Normal Less than 120/80
• Prehypertension 120-139/80-89
• Stage 1 hypertension 140-159/90-99
• Stage 2 hypertension 160 and above/100 and above
  
• The exact causes of hypertension are not known.
  Several factors and conditions may play a role in
  its development, including
• Smoking, Being overweight, Lack of physical
  activity, Too much salt in the diet , Too much
  alcohol consumption (no more than 1 to 2 drinks
  per day) , Stress , Older age, Genetics, Family
  history of high blood pressure, Chronic kidney
  disease, Adrenal and thyroid disorders.

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Types of Cardiovascular Disease

• Atherosclerosis
• The process in which plaque accumulate on artery
  walls.
• It's the name of the process in which deposits
  of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste
  products, calcium and other substances build up
  in the inner lining of an artery. This buildup is
  called plaque. It usually affects large and
  medium-sized arteries.  Some hardening of
  arteries often occurs when people grow older.
• Plaques can grow large enough to significantly
  reduce the blood's flow through an artery. But
  most of the damage occurs when they become
  fragile and rupture.
• Plaques that rupture cause blood clots to form
  that can block blood flow or break off and travel
  to another part of the body. If either happens
  and blocks a blood vessel that feeds the heart,
  it causes a heart attack. If it blocks a blood
  vessel that feeds the brain, it causes a stroke.
  And if blood supply to the arms or legs is
  reduced, it can cause difficulty walking and
  eventually lead to gangrene.

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Types of Cardiovascular Disease

• Diseases of the Heart
• Angina Pectoris- is a chest pain that results
  when the heart does not get enough oxygen.
• Arrhythmias- are problems that affect the
  electrical system of the heart muscle, producing
  abnormal heart rhythms. They can cause the heart
  to pump less effectively.
• Heart Attack-A heart attack occurs when blood
  flow to a section of heart muscle becomes
  blocked. If the flow of blood isnt restored
  quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes
  damaged from lack of oxygen and begins to die.
• Congestive Heart Failure- Congestive heart
  failure (CHF), or heart failure, is a condition
  in which the heart can't pump enough blood to the
  body's other organs.
• narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart
  muscle (coronary artery disease )
• past heart attack, or myocardial infarction, with
  scar tissue that interferes with the heart
  muscle's normal work
• high blood pressure
• heart defects present at birth  congenital heart
  defects.
• Stroke- arterial blockage interupts the flow of
  blood to the brain a stoke may occur. Stoke can
  af

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Cancer

• Cancer is the general name for a group of more
  than 100 diseases in which cells in a part of the
  body begin to grow out of control.
• Although there are many kinds of cancer, they
  all start because abnormal cells grow out of
  control. Untreated cancers can cause serious
  illness and even death.
• Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an
  orderly fashion. During the early years of a
  person's life, normal cells divide more quickly
  until the person becomes an adult. After that,
  cells in most parts of the body divide only to
  replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair
  injuries.
• Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA.
  Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, either
  the cell dies or is able to repair the DNA. In
  cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired.
  People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts
  for inherited cancers.
• Many times though, a persons DNA gets damaged
  by things in the environment, like, chemicals,
  viruses, tobacco smoke or too much sunlight.

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Tumor

• Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that has no
  natural role in the body.
• Some tumors are benign- noncancerous
• Some tumors are malignant- cancerous, spread
  though neighboring tissues and through the blood
  or lymph to other parts of the body.
• Metastasis- the spread of cancer from the point
  where it originated to other parts of the body.

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Type of Cancer

• Lymphomas are cancers of the immune system
• Leukemias are cancers of the blood forming
  organs
• Carcinomas are cancers of the glands and body
  linings, including the skin and the linings of
  the digestive tract and lungs.
• Sarcomas are cancers of connective tissue,
  including bones ligaments and muscle

38
Treating Cancer

• Surgery removes some or all of the cancerous
  masses from the body.
• Radiation therapy aims rays from radioactive
  substances at cancerous cells. The radiation
  kills the cells and shrinks the cancerous mass.
• Chemotherapy uses chemicals to destroy cancer
  cells
• Immunotherapy activates a person immune system
  to recognize specific cancers and destroy them.
• Hormone therapy involves using medicines that
  interfere with the production of hormones. These
  treatments kill cancer cells or slow their growth
• Remission a period of time when symptoms
  disappear

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Communicable Diseases

• Allergies-is a specific reaction of the immune
  system to a foreign and frequently harmless
  substance.
• Asthma-an inflammatory condition in which the
  small airways in the lungs become narrowed
  causing difficulty in breathing.
• Monitor the condition
• Manage the environment
• Manage stress
• Take medication

40
Diabetes

• Diabetes is a disease in which your blood
  glucose, or sugar, levels are too high. Glucose
  comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a
  hormone that helps the glucose get into your
  cells to give them energy.
• Type 1, your body does not make insulin. The
  cause of also unclear. Treatment includes taking
  a daily dose of insulin, either through
  injections or through a special pump that is
  attached to the body.
• Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body
  does not make or use insulin well. Without enough
  insulin, the glucose stays in your blood.
  Treatment of type 2 includes weight management,
  and regular physical activity.

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Arthritis

• Arthritis- is a group of more than 100 different
  diseases that cause pain and loss of movement in
  the joints.
• Osteoarthritis is a disease of the joints in
  which cartilage breaks down.
• Several strategies reduce the risk of
  osteoarthritis
• Controlling weight
• Preventing sports injures
• Protecting against Lyme disease- which is spread
  by the bite of infected deer ticks
• Rheumatoid Arthritis-is a disease characterized
  by the debilitating destruction of the joints due
  to inflammation.

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• The END!!!