The Relationship Between Education and Politics in Malaysia

1
The Relationship Between Education and Politics
in Malaysia

• By
• Norazura Abdollah
• Nur Harizah Mohd faiz
• Nurhashimah Mohamad Hashim
• Wan Nuruljannah Wan Ismail Sahaimi

2
EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA

• PREPARED BY
• NORAZURA BT ABDOLLAH

3

• Malaysia educational system is highly
  centralised, particularly for primary and
  secondary school,
• The state and local governments having little say
  in the curriculum or other major aspects of
  education.
• Standardised tests are common feature.
• obtained from government sponsored schools,
  private schools or through home schooling.

4
Education in Malaysia broadly consists of a set
of stages

• Pre- school
• Primary education
• Secondary education
• Tertiary education
• postgraduate

5
Pre-school

• The government has no formal preschool curriculum
  for pre- schoolers except a formal mandatory
  training and certification to principals and
  teachers before they can operate a pre-school.
• Attendance in a pre-school programme is not
  universal generally only affluent families can
  afford to send their children to private
  pre-schools.

6
Primary Education

• Consists of six years of education (Year 1 to
  Year 6)
• (1998- 2000) PTS was administered to Year 3
  students but was removed from 2001 onwards.
• Year 6 students in national schools are required
  to undergo a standardized test UPSR.

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The Primary Education System is divided into

• National school - SK
• Vernacular schools -SRJK (C) and
• SRJK (T)

8
SECONDARY EDUCATION

• Consists of 5 years of schooling referred to as
  form 1 to form 5.
• Form 3 PMR formerly known as SRP
• Form 5 - SPM

9
Shortly after the release of the 2005 SPM
results in March 2006, the Education Ministry
announced it was considering reforming the SPM
system due to what was perceived as over-emphasis
on As

• The rat race now begins at Standard 6 with the
  UPSR, with the
• Competition resulting in parents forcing their
  children to attend
• private tuition.
• A former Education Director-General, Murad Mohd
  Noor-
• He also expressed disappointment at the
  occurrence of
• students taking 15
• Or 16 subjects for the SPM, calling it
  UNNECESSARY

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PRE-UNIVERSITY

• FORM 6 consists of 2 years of studies. Lower 6
  and Upper 6. internationally recognize and
  generally taken by those desiring to attend a
  public and private universities.
• Matriculation one or two years programme run by
  Ministry of Education. A race based quota is
  applied on the admission process.90(bumiputeras)
  and 10( non-bumiputeras)
• Private colleges- British A Levels programme or
  the equivalent of other national systems.

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TERTIARY EDUCATION

• PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES- are subsidised by the
  government.
• UM, USM, IIUM, UKM, UMS UNIMAS, UPM, UTM, UUM,
  UPSI- open to all Malaysians
• UiTM- are restricted bumiputras only.

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• PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES- Students pay full tuition
  fees, most of the universities are formed by
  Government Link Companies (GLC ) e.g. MMU,
  UNITEN, UTP etc.
• Delocalised universities- Monash University
  (Australia), Nottingham University (UK) etc.
• Polytechnics- vocational, engineering programmes,
  commerce programmes. Offered diploma and
  certificates.

13
Racial quotas , a highly politicized and
controversial issues in Malaysia exist for
university admission. However, in 2002 the
government announced a reduction of dependence
on racial quotas, instead leaning more towards
MERITROCRACY .
14
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES

• All public and most private universities in
  Malaysia offers Master degrees either through
  coursework or research
• and Doctor of Philosophy Degrees through
  research.

15
The Relationship Between Education and Politics
in Malaysia

• By
• Norazura Abdollah
• Nur Harizah Mohd faiz
• Nurhashimah Mohamad Hashim
• Wan Nuruljannah Wan Ismail Sahaimi

16
Educational Acts Reports1951 Present day
17
A Glimpse of History

• Consolidation period
• The Barnes Report 1951
• The Abdul Razak Report 1956
• Education Ordinance 1957
• Updating Period
• Rahman Talib Report 1960
• Education Act 1961
• Currently
• Education Act 1996

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Barnes Report 1951

• Aimed at abolishing vernacular schools
• In principle, we recommend the end of the
  separate vernacular schools for the several
  racial communities, and the replacement by a
  single type of primary school common to all

19
Abdul Razak Report 1956

• Introduced after the ruling elite had acquired
  political power just before Merdeka
• Conducive to the growth of vernacular education
• a national system of education acceptable to
  the people of the Federation as a whole which
  will satisfy the needs to promote their culture,
  social, economic and political development as a
  nation, having regard to the intention of making
  Malay the national language of the country whilst
  preserving and sustaining the growth of the
  language and culture of other communities living
  in the country.

20
Education Ordinance 1957

• The fine tuned version of the recommendations of
  the Abdul Razak report
• Formation of a single system of national
  education
• Recognition of the eventual objective of making
  Bahasa Malaysia the main medium of instruction
• Commencement of a Malaysia-orientated curriculum
• Conception of a single system of evaluation for
  all

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Rahman Talib Report 1960

• 1960s education minister who headed a committee
  to
• review the education policy set out in the
  Abdul Razak Report 1956 in particular its
  implementation so far and for the future

22
Education Act 1961

• Stress on 3R basic education . reading, writing
  and arithmetic
• Stress on a strong spiritual education and the
  desired elements of discipline
• Stress on a Malaysian curriculum
• Upper secondary education of two streams,
  academic and vocational
• Opportunity to continue education from 9 years to
  11 years
• Facilitation of education management procedures
  to improve the overall quality of education

23
Education Act 1996

• Came into force in 1997, replacing the 1961 Act
• Stress on science and technology
• The world now is a world that is highly
  competitive and globalised, arising from the
  impact of the rapid development in science,
  technology and information.

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Content highlights...

• The national education system is designed to
  produce world-class education from the aspect of
  quality to achieve the nations aspirations
• The National Education Policy (NEP) becomes the
  base for the national education policy
• Duration of primary education is between 5 and 7
  years

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• Pre-school education is part of the national
  education system
• Technical and polytechnic education are upgraded
• Allocations are made for the supervision of
  private education

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• Effect on education after the NEP
• New Economic Policy

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The Quota System

• The quota system has been the concrete form of
  the national education policy
• In 2003 the quota system was removed
• and replaced by

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What is meritocracy?

• meritocracy (n). pl. meritocracies
• A system in which advancement is based on
  individual ability or achievement
• (from dictionary.com)

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Hot Issue

• What is your opinion on
• The Quota System
• Vs
• Meritocracy

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ANNUAL BUDGET2007
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ANNUAL BUDGET (2007)

• EDUCATION
• 21
• (RM 34.4 billion)

ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE
NURTURING INNOVATION
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PERSONAL BENEFITS
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YEAR SIX STUDENT

• Increased monthly allowance for poor primary
  pupils from RM30 to RM50
• Two new MRSMs and existing MRSM facilities
  upgraded (RM90mil)
• Scholarships for potential athletes

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FORM TWO STUDENT

• No exam fees next year (UPSR, PMR, SPM and STPM)
• Increased monthly allowance for poor secondary
  students from RM50 to RM70
• Chinese and Tamil taught as subjects in 220
  schools next year
• More computers (RM288mil) and books in schools

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FORM FIVE STUDENT

• More scholarships
• For poor students with at least 10 1As in SPM
• For critical subjects
• More polytechnics and community colleges
  (RM450mil)
• Better facilities in existing universities
  (RM195mil)

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NON-GRADUATE TEACHER

• More housing for teachers (67 new projects)
• Eligible for professional development programmes
  (RM838mil)
• Tax rebate for book purchases up to RM1,000
  annually

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TRAINEE TEACHER

• 220 new primary and secondary schools to teach in
  (RM1bil)
• Specialised schools to teach in
• Science and technology
• Technical and vocational
• Language and arts
• Sports
• Opportunities to specialise in special education

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UNEMPLOYED GRADUATE

• More opportunities to upgrade industry skills via
• Securities Commissions Capital Market Training
  Scheme (1,000 places annually)
• Training by established ICT companies
• Job Camp programme by MDeC (1,000 places annually)

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• Programme to Enhance Professionalism (5,000
  places annually)
• Six new training institutions under Human
  Resource Ministry (RM148mil)
• MARA training programmes (RM214mil)

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GENERAL BENEFITS
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• More scholarships to pursue critical courses such
  as science, pharmacy, medicine and engineering at
  graduate and post-graduate levels in both local
  and foreign universities.

42

• Terengganu Kelantan will get their own
  universities. More polytechnics community
  colleges will be built and upgraded. Existing
  universities will receive RM195mil for the
  upgrading of their facilities.

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• RM6.7bil is allocated for primary education and
  RM6.2bil for secondary education to fund
  operational and development expenditure.

44

• 22 new primary and secondary schools to be opened
  next year, with the construction of an additional
  198 schools, including fully residential
  secondary schools.

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• RM288mil is allocated under the Bestari school
  programme to equip schools with more computers.

46

• Chinese will be taught as a full subject in 150
  national primary and secondary schools while
  Tamil as a full subject will be taught in 70
  schools from the beginning of 2007.

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QUANTITATIVE vs QUALITATIVE