Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

1
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy
2
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• A compound is composed of two or more different
  elements that are chemically combined (bonded) in
  a definite ratio.
• NaCl H2O
• The formula for a compound consists of the
  element symbols followed by a subscript which
  indicates the actual number of atoms that are
  present in the smallest unit of compound.
• C6H12O6 N2H4

3
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• A compound's formula can quantitatively or
  qualitatively represent the substance in
  question.
• CH4 can represent a sample of methane gas.
• CH4 can represent 1 mole of methane gas.
• CH4 can represent 16 g of methane gas.
• CH4 can represent 22.4 L of methane gas at 273 K
  and 1.00 atm.

4
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Why do atoms bond together in the first place?
• The answer is that when atoms are bonded to each
  other they have less energy and are thus more
  stable than when they are not bonded to each
  other.
• BONDING PROVIDES STABILITY!
• When bonds are formed, the atoms must release
  energy!
• In order to break bonds, the atoms must absorb
  energy!

5
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• When a free sodium atom bonds with an atom of
  free chlorine to form a unit of sodium chloride,
  6.82 X 10-22 kJ of heat is released by the atoms
  thus making the atoms more stable than before.
• FORMING BONDS RELEASES ENERGY!

Na
Cl
6
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• When a free carbon atom bond with two atoms of
  free oxygen to form a molecule of carbon dioxide,
  6.53 X 10-22 kJ of heat is released by the atoms
  thus making the atoms more stable than before.
• FORMING BONDS RELEASES ENERGY!

C
O
O
7
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Atoms can bond to each other in three different
  ways
• ionic bonding,
• covalent bonding,
• metallic bonding.
• BONDING ALWAYS INVOLVES ELECTRONS!
• BONDING ALWAYS RELEASES ENERGY!

8
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ionic bonding occurs between metallic atoms and
  nonmetallic atoms.
• As the metallic atoms bond with the nonmetallic
  atoms, electrons are transferred from the
  metallic atoms to the nonmetallic atoms.
• This process will be described more fully later.

Na
Cl
e-
9
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Covalent bonding occurs between nonmetallic atoms
  and other nonmetallic atoms.
• As nonmetallic atoms bond with other nonmetallic
  atoms electrons are shared by the bonding atoms.
• This process will be described more fully later.

10
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• There are two types of covalent bonding
• Nonpolar covalent bonding occurs when nonmetallic
  atoms share electrons equally.
• When atoms of identical nonmetallic elements
  bond, the bond formed is nonpolar covalent.
• Polar covalent bonding occurs when nonmetallic
  atoms share electrons unequally.
• When atoms of different nonmetallic elements
  bond, the bond formed is polar covalent.

11
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• The atoms within a polyatomic ion are bonded to
  each other covalently regardless of their element
  classification.
• Ex. CrO42- is bonded covalently!
• When a polyatomic ion bonds with something else
  (a second polyatomic ion or another element) the
  bonding will be ionic.
• Ex. Ca2 is bonded to CrO42- ionically.
• Exception The element hydrogen will bond to a
  polyatomic anion covalently.
• Ex. H2CrO4 has all covalent bonding!

12
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Metallic bonding occurs between metallic cations
  and other metallic cations.
• This bonding occurs as a result of a massive
  attraction between a mobile sea of electrons
  and the metallic cations.
• This process will be described more fully later.

Al
Al
Al
Al
13
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(1) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the
  atoms in the formula NaI?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
14
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(1) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the
  atoms in the formula NaI?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
ionic bonding
15
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(2) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula HCl?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
16
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(2) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula HCl?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
polar covalent bonding
17
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(3) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula Zn3(PO4)2 ?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
18
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(3) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula Zn3(PO4)2 ?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
ionic and polar covalent bonding
19
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(4) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of C(s)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
20
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(4) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of C(s)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
nonpolar covalent bonding
21
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(5) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of Ag(s) ?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
22
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(5) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of Ag(s) ?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
metallic bonding
23
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(6) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula LiBr?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
24
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(6) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula LiBr?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
ionic bonding
25
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(7) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a bronze alloy (CuSn)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
26
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(7) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a bronze alloy (CuSn)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
metallic bonding
27
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(8) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula SO32- ?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
28
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(8) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula SO32- ?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
polar covalent bonding
29
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(9) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of hydrogen gas (H2)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
30
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(9) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of hydrogen gas (H2)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
nonpolar covalent bonding
31
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(10) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula NH4I?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
32
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(10) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula NH4I?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
ionic and polar covalent bonding
33
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(11) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula CO2?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
34
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(11) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula CO2?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
polar covalent bonding
35
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(12) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of lead (Pb)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
36
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(12) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in a sample of lead (Pb)?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
metallic bonding
37
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(13) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula NaClO?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
38
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(13) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula NaClO?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
ionic and polar covalent bonding
39
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(14) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula H2S?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
40
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(14) What kind(s) of bonding exists between
  the atoms in the formula H2S?
• __________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding Metallic Bonding
- between metal nonmetal - between metal (-)P.A.I. - between ()P.A.I. nonmetal - between ()P.A.I. (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals
- due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonding
- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons
polar covalent bonding
41
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Binary Compounds A binary compound is a compound
  composed of two elements.
• NaCl H2O NH3 CH4
• Ternary Compounds A ternary compound is a
  compound composed of three elements.
• C6H12O6 CH3OH NH4NO3 MgSO4
• Quaternary Compounds A quaternary compound is a
  compound composed of four elements.
• NH4ClO3 H2NCH2COOH Pb(C2H3O2)2

42
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ionic Compounds An ionic compound is a compound
  with ionic bonding present.
• An ionic compound must have ionic bonding, but it
  can also have covalent bonding as well.
• An ionic compound will always begin with either a
  metal or the polyatomic ion ammonium.

43
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Covalent Compounds A covalent compound is a
  compound with ONLY covalent bonding.
• A covalent compound will always begin with either
  hydrogen or a nonmetal.
• A covalent compound will never begin with a metal
  nor a polyatomic ion.

44
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(1) What kind of compound is HClO?
• _______________ and _______________
• Ex.(2) What kind of compound is FeO?
• _______________ and _______________
• Ex.(3) What kind of compound is NH4NO3?
• _______________ and _______________
• Ex.(4) What kind of compound is HCl?
• _______________ and _______________

covalent
ternary
ionic
binary
ionic
ternary
covalent
binary
45
Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

• Ex.(5) What kind of compound is Hg2Cl2?
• _______________ and _______________
• Ex.(6) What kind of compound is HNO3?
• _______________ and _______________
• Ex.(7) What kind of compound is Pb(C2H3O2)2?
• _______________ and _______________
• Ex.(8) What kind of compound is C12H22O11?
• _______________ and _______________

ionic
binary
covalent
ternary
ionic
quarternary
covalent
ternary