CHAPTER 4 Social Structure

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CHAPTER 4Social Structure

• Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure
• Section 2 Types of Social Interaction
• Section 3 Types of Societies
• Section 4 Groups Within Society
• Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

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Objectives
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Identify and describe the two major components of
  social structure.
• Analyze how these two components of social
  structure affect human interaction.

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Major Components of Social Structure
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Social Structure -the network of interrelated
  statuses and roles that guide human interaction,
  give society its enduring characteristics and
  make patterns of human interaction predictable
• Status a socially defined position in a group
  or in a society and has attached to it one or
  more roles
• Role the behavior expected of someone occupying
  a particular status

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Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Peoples particular roles and statuses affect how
  they relate to one another.
• Statuses are ways of defining where individuals
  fit in society and how they relate to others
• ascribed status assigned according to qualities
  beyond a persons control
• achieved status acquired through individuals
  own direct efforts
• master status one status tends to out-rank
  others, plays the greatest role in ones life and
  determining social identity

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Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Roles are the components of social structure that
  bring statuses to life.
• reciprocal roles corresponding roles that
  define the patterns of interaction between
  related statuses
• role expectations socially determined behaviors
  expected of a person performing a role

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Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• role performance actual role behavior, does not
  always match expectations
• role set the different roles attached to a
  single status
• role strain occurs when a person has difficulty
  meeting the role expectations of a single status
• role conflict occurs between two statuses when
  trying to fulfill expectations

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Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Statuses and their related roles determine the
  structure of groups in society.
• social institution statuses and roles are
  organized to satisfy one or more of the basic
  needs of society

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Objectives
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• Identify the most common types of social
  interaction.
• Distinguish between types of interactions that
  stabilize social structure and those that can
  disrupt it.

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Common Types of Social Interaction
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• When playing a role, must interact with others
• Interactions either change or stabilize society
• exchange interacting in an effort to receive a
  reward or a return for ones actions
• reciprocity you do something for someone else,
  they owe you something in return
• exchange theory people are motivated by
  self-interest in their interactions

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Common Types of Social Interaction
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• Competition two or more people or groups in
  opposition to achieve a goal that only one can
  attain
• positive means of motivating people to perform
  roles society asks
• can also lead to psychological stress, lack of
  cooperation in social relationships, inequality,
  and conflict
• Conflict the deliberate attempt to control a
  person by force, to oppose someone else, or to
  harm another person
• Simmels four sources of conflict war, within
  group, legal disputes, clashes over ideology
• positive effects reinforces group boundaries,
  strengthens group loyalty, draw attention away
  from internal problems, lead to social change

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Common Types of Social Interaction
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• Cooperation two or more people or groups
  working together to achieve a goal that will
  benefit more than one of them
• Accommodation a state of balance between
  cooperation and conflict, a compromise, truce

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Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• Competition and Conflict disrupt social
  stability
• Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
  stabilize social stability

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Objectives
Section 3 Types of Societies

• Identify and describe the types of societies that
  exist in the world today.
• Explain the roles individuals play in these
  models of group systems.

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Types of Societies
Section 3 Types of Societies

• role behavior takes place in groups
• group set of people who interact on the basis
  of shared expectations and who possess some
  degree of common identity
• largest and most complex groups are societies
• Sociologists classify societies according to
  subsistence strategies.
• subsistence strategies way a society uses
  technology to provide for the needs of members

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Types of Societies
Section 3 Types of Societies

• Preindustrial food production is the main
  economic activity and can be subdivided according
  to the level of technology and the method of
  producing food
• hunting and gathering, pastoral societies,
  horticultural society, agricultural society
• Industrial emphasis shifts from the production
  of food to the production of manufactured goods
  made possible by changes in production methods
• leads to urbanization
• Postindustrial much of the economy is involved
  in providing information and services
• 73 of Americans
• SmartNotebook Activity

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Objectives
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Summarize the major features of primary and
  secondary groups.
• Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.

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What is a group?
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• A group has 4 major features
• two or more people, interaction among members,
  shared expectations, common identity
• These distinguish a group from an aggregate or
  social category
• aggregate people gathered in the same place at
  the same time, but lack organization or patterns
• social category classifying people according to
  a shared trait or common status

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Types of Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Features of Primary Groups
• Interact over a long period of time on a direct
  and personal basis
• Entire self of the individual is taken into
  account
• Relationships are intimate and face-to-face

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Types of Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Features of Secondary Groups
• Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
• Involve a reaction to only a part of the
  individuals self
• Casual and limited in personal involvement

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Types of Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Features of Reference Groups
• group with whom individuals identify and whose
  attitudes and values they adopt
• Features of In-Groups and Out-Groups
• in-group group that a person belongs to and
  identifies with
• out-group any group that the person does not
  belong to or identify with

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Types of Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Features of E-communities
• e-community people interact with one another
  regularly on the Internet
• Features of Social Networks
• social network web of relationships that is
  formed by the sum total of a persons
  interactions with other people

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Purposes of Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Select leaders people that influence the
  attitudes and opinions of others
• instrumental leaders task oriented
• expressive leaders emotion oriented
• Define their boundaries so that members can
  tell who belongs and who does not
• Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
• Control their members behavior if members
  violate groups norms, the group cannot survive
  long

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Objectives
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.

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What are Formal Organizations?
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Sociologists use the term formal organization to
  describe a large, complex secondary group that
  has been established to achieve specific goals.
• Most organizations are structured in the form of
  a bureaucracy.
• bureaucracy a ranked authority structure that
  operates according to specific rules and
  procedures
• Bureaucracies were created to rationally organize
  groups to complete a set of goals

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Webers Model
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Division of Labor
• work is divided among specialists in various
  positions, expected to complete specific task
• Ranking of Authority
• clear-cut lines of authority, each is responsible
  to a supervisor at a higher level
• Employment based on formal qualifications
• individuals are hired based on tests, education,
  or previous experience
• Rules and regulations
• identify the responsibilities of each person
• Specific lines of promotion and advancement
• job security and seniority

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Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
  people, defining tasks and rewards
• Provides stability
• Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
  result in oligarchies
• In some instances, rewards incompetence and
  expands uncontrollably