1600 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 15
About This Presentation
Title:

1600

Description:

1600 Charter granted to British East India Company 1757 Clive conquers Bengal 1857 The Mutiny 1757-1857 Company Raj 1857-1947 Crown ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:120
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 16
Provided by: Aliy157
Category:
Tags: bengal | conquest

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: 1600


1
  • 1600 Charter granted to British East India
    Company
  • 1757 Clive conquers Bengal
  • 1857 The Mutiny
  • 1757-1857 Company Raj
  • 1857-1947 Crown Raj

2
Sir Thomas Roe at Agra 1615Seeking Protection
for British Factory
3
Robert Clive accepting Bengal in 1757
4
King George-V Delhi Durbar 1905
5
King George-V Delhi Durbar 1905
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
Brief History of Colonialism
  • European colonialism (second wave) did NOT begin
    as state-led imperial conquest. It began in India
    and was the result of the maneuvers of a private
    organization, the British East India Company, to
    control trade and commerce in India and the
    Indian Ocean.
  • 17th and 18th century encounter of Europeans with
    Indians was not clearly marked by the sense of
    white racial supremacy that later came to define
    European colonialism.
  • Colonial-Orientalist scholarship the making of
    histories and the defining of traditions
  • Colonial administration enumeration and
    classification of people creation of religion
    as a category and as the primary marker of
    identity.
  • The high noon of colonialism in the 19th
    century was marked by the now fully articulated
    justification of a Civilizing Mission
    (expressed in colonial education as well as in
    missionary activity) by the late 19th century
    most of Africa and Asia were under some form of
    European Colonial rule

9
Some effects of Colonialism on colonized societies
  • Reconfiguration of identities, privileging
    Religion as primary marker of public identity
    colonial codification of religious law
  • Categorization and codification of Religious
    traditions creation of textually based normative
    definitions of what is legitimately and
    authentically Islamic and what is not
    exclusion of many important strands within
    religious traditions
  • For instance, Sufism and local variation are
    considered low and adulterated Islam, while
    certain Arabic texts, including the Quran and
    some arbitrarily chosen legal books, define what
    is normative Islam
  • European Christian missionary activity as well as
    Western criticisms of inferior non-western
    traditions, especially Islam, resulted in a
    variety of reactions from the colonized
    defenses, apologies, counter-attacks
  • Movements spring up in response to the material,
    moral and intellectual threat of Western
    domination amongst Muslims in particular the
    desire is to prove to both themselves and the
    West that Islam can be an effective modern force,
    a challenge to European style modernity
  • Territorial nationalism Muslims (and everyone
    else in Africa Asia) in pre-colonial times
    lived in empires and kingdoms with shifting and
    porous boundaries territorial nationalism was
    imported from Europe (with intense criticism) and
    did not fit easily with older identity
    configurations such as a universal Muslim Umma

10
Significant Changes
  • Modern Science Technology
  • Centralized Administration
  • An English Education
  • British Legal Systems
  • Racism Theories of Racial Difference
  • Monolithic Social Classifications

11
  • British relationship with Muslim India over
    time
  • India is a Muslim Empire (by virtue of having
    been ruled by Turko-Persian dynasties professing
    Islam especially the Mughals) Muslim Emperors
    are lauded for strength and valour
  • India as an essentially Hindu country taken over
    by Muslim conquerors (discovery of Ancient
    Indian Civilization as a parallel to
    Greco-Roman Civilization and Islam as the
    nemesis of both Edward Gibbons History of the
    Decline Fall of the Roman Empire very
    important.)
  • Indo-Muslim rulers now judged by British
    historians according to their tolerance for
    their Hindu subjects
  • The identity of Ancient Hindu/Sanskritic
    Civilization is taken up by the Hindus to
    assert an identity for themselves as defined
    against Indian Muslims
  • Muslim elite (Ahsraf) is displaced (slowly)
    after British takeover and is outrun in the race
    for British patronage by newly emerging Hindu
    communities
  • The uprising of 1857 is blamed by the British
    squarely on the Indians
  • Status and prosperity of middle and upper-class
    Muslims rapidly deteriorates and various segments
    from among them respond in different ways to this
    crisis

12
  • How did the British colonial presence divide
    India into Hindu-Majority and
    Muslim-Minority?
  • They wrote histories and social analyses of
    India, in which they identified a Hindu India
    and a Muslim India.
  • They codified religious law for Hindus and
    Muslims and in the process made Hindu and
    Muslim into rigid, textually defined entities.
  • Enumeration and classification for
    administrative purposes.
  • Christian Missionary activity sparked resistance
    among Indians and spurred them on to defending
    and defining their own religious traditions in
    public to counter missionary activity.

13
The Colonial Civilizing Mission
  • Brigadier General John Jacob in the early 1800s
    asserted
  • We hold India, then, by being in reality, as
    in reputation, a superior race to the Asiatic
    and if this natural superiority did not exist, we
    should not, and could not, retain the country for
    one week. IF, then, we are really a morally
    superior race, governed by higher motives and
    possessing higher attributes than the Asiatics,
    the more the natives of India are able to
    understand us, and the more we improve their
    capacity for so understanding, the firmer will
    become our power. Away, then with the assumption
    of equality and let us accept our true position
    of a dominant race. So placed, let us establish
    our rule by setting them a high example, by
    making them feel the value of truth and honesty,
    and by raising their moral and intellectual
    powers.

14
Macaulays Minute on Education 1835
  • We must at present do our best to form a class
    who may be interpreters between us and the
    millions whom we govern a class of persons
    Indian in blood and colour, but English in
    tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect.

15
  • How did Indian Muslims respond to British
    policies and Orientalist scholarship?
  • Western-oriented reform Loyalism to British
    Rule (Sayyid Ahmed Khan the Aligarh movement)
  • Islamic Universalism anti-colonial activism
    (Jamaluddin al-Afghani)
  • Indian nationalism shunning of Western
    education (The Deoband movement)
  • Western-oriented reform Indian nationalism
    (Shibli Iqbal)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com