Perception

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Perception
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Perception is a process by which individuals
organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment.
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Factors Influencing Perception
1.) Perceiver 2.) Target
3.) Situation
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Person Perception Making Judgments About
Others
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Attribution Theory Two Types of
Causes 1) Internal
2) External
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Three Factors of the Attribution
Theory 1.) Distinctiveness
2.) Consensus 3.) Consistency
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Self Serving Bias
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Shortcuts in Judging Others

• 1.) Selective Perception
• 2.) Halo Effect
• 3.) Contrast Effects
• 4.) Projection
• 5.) Stereotyping

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Specific Applications in Organizations

• 1.) Employment Interview
• 2.) Performance Expectations
• (Self Fulfilling Prophecy)
• 3.) Performance Evaluation
• 4.) Employee Effort

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Perception Individual decision Making

• 1 Top Managers
• Middle Lower level
• Non Managerial Employees
• Decision making in Organizations
• Rational Decision making
• Bounded Rationality
• Intuition

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Common Biases errors in Decision Making

• 1 Over Confidence Bias
• Anchoring Bias
• Confirmation Bias
• Availability Bias
• Escalation of commitment
• Randomness error
• Winners curse
• Hindsight Bias

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Influences on Decision Making Individual
Differences Organizational Constraints

• 1)Individual Differences
• - Personality
• - Gender

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2) Organizational Constraints

• - Performance evaluation
• - Reward System
• - Formal Regulations
• - System - Imposed Time Constraints
• - Historical precedents

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Ethical Decision Making ?

• Ethical Decision Criteria
• Utilitarianism
• Rights
• Justice
• Improving Creativity in Decision making-