Introduction to Linguistics

1
Introduction to Linguistics

• Ms. Suha Jawabreh
• Lecture 5

2
Review The Organs of Speech
3
The Larynx and the Vocal Folds
4
Review Place of Articulation

• -Place of Articulation is the location at which
  two speech organs approach or come together in
  producing a speech sound.

5

• 1. Bilabials These are sounds formed using both
  ( bi) upper and lower lips ( labia)
• -The initial sounds in the words
• bat , pat , map , and walk are all bilabials.
• -These sounds are represented by the symbols
  b , p , m, w.
• 2. labiodentals These are sounds formed with the
  upper teeth and the lower lip.
• -The initial sounds of the words fat , vat are
  labiodentals.
• -These sounds are represented by the symbols
• f, v.

6

• 3. Dentals These sounds are formed with the
  tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
• - The initial sounds in the words three and then
  are dentals.
• -These sounds are represented by the symbols
  ?, ð.
• 4. Alveolars These sounds are formed with the
  front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge.
• The initial sounds in the words top, dip, sit ,
  zoo, nut, lap and rip.
• - These sounds are represented by the symbols
  t, d, s, z, n, l, r.

7

• 5. Alveo-palatals These sounds are produced with
  the tongue at the very front of the palate, near
  the alveolar ridge.
• - The initial sounds in the words ship, chip,
  gem, and the middle consonant sound in words like
  pleasure are alveo-palatal.
• - These sounds are represented by the symbols
  ?, t?, ?, d?.
• 6. Palatals One sound which is produced with the
  tongue in the middle of the palate is the j
  sound to be found at the beginning of words like
  you and yet.

8

• 7. Velars These sounds are produced with the
  back of the tongue against the velum ( the soft
  palate) .
• - The initial sounds in the words kid, gig and
  the middle consonant sound in words like English
  are velars.
• - These sounds are represented by the symbols
  k, g, ?.

9

• 8. Glottals There is one sound that is produced
  without the active use of the tongue and other
  parts of the mouth. It is the sound h.
• - The sound h is produced with the air passing
  through the opening between the separated vocal
  folds. This opening is called the glottis.
• - The sound h occurs at the beginning of words
  like house and have.

10
Manner of Articulation

• - Manner of articulation describes how the
  tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are
  involved in making a sound.
• - The concept is often only used for the
  production of consonants.

11

• Today, well learn about a third way to describe
  sounds their manner of articulation
• -d, n, and z are all voiced alveolar sounds
• - What makes them different sounds?
• -Their manner of articulation is different.
• 1. d is a stop (complete closure)
• 2. z is a fricative (incomplete closure)
• 3. n is a nasal (Airstream is allowed to flow
  out through the nose)

12

• -Manner of articulation the various
  configurations produced by positioning the lips,
  tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways.
• ? Oral vs. Nasal
• ? Stops
• ? Fricatives
• ? Affricates
• ? Liquids
• ? Glides

Approximants
13
(No Transcript)
14
Oral vs. Nasal

• ? The velum soft part at the back of the mouth
  behind the uvula.
• ? The velum can be raised and lowered.
• ? When raised blocks airflow through the nasal
  passage (the nose) ? oral sounds
• ? When lowered air flows through the nasal
  passage ? nasal sounds

15

• - Look at the animations of p and m on the
  UIowa Phonetics
• Website.
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/
  english_main.swf

16

• ? Nasal consonants in English
• m bilabial nasal, as in map
• n alveolar nasal, as in nap
• ? velar nasal, as in sang

17
Stops

• ? Stops consonants made with a complete closure
  either in the
• oral cavity or in the glottis.
• ? English stops bilabial, alveolar, velar,
  glottal
• ? Try holding the sounds p, t and k what
  happens to the
• airflow?

18

• 1. Oral stops complete closure in the oral
  cavity and the velum is raised.
• ? Oral stops p, t, k, b, d, g
• 2. Glottal stop ? complete closure in the
  glottis.
• ? Always voiceless
• 3. Nasal stops complete closure in the oral
  cavity, but the velum is raised. Air escapes
  through the nasal passage.
• ? Nasal stops m, n, ?
• ? More sonorous than other stops (louder, more
  intense) airflow is not as restricted.
• ? Always voiced

19

• ? Look at the animations of stops on the UIowa
  Phonetics Website.
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/
  english_main.swf