????? ?????? ????????? Coral-reef management

1
????? ?????? ????????? Coral-reef management

• ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ????? ???? ????? ???????
• ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????
  ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????
  ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????
  ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????
• ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????
  - ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??
  ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
  ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????
  ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????
  ?????? ??????? . ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??
  ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???
  ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????
  ???????

2

• ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??
  ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????
  ?????
• ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
  ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????
  ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????
  ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????
• ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
  ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????
  ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????
  ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???
  ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????

3

• ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??
  ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
  ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????
  ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????
  ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
  ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
  ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????
  ?????? ????????? .

4
??????? Fisheries

• ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????
  ???????? ????????? Octopus ????????? ?????? ???
  clams, trochus, oyster and ornament shell
  ???????????? ????????? (Prawns , lobster )
  ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????
  ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? .

5

• ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ????
  ?? ????? ?????? ?? 4 ??? 6 ?? ?? ????????? ????
  ?? ????? ( ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ??????? ??? 200 ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????
  ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????
  ??? ???
• 24 ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? sumilon
  reefs ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??
  ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????
  ????? ?? American samoa ??? ??????? ?????
  ??????????? gastroboda ??????? ??????? 18 ?? ??
  ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? 8 ??? ???. ???
  ??? Munro ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ,???? ???
  ??? ??? ?? ????? 9000000 ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???
  ??????? ???? ??? ??? 75000000ty ?? ?? ????? .

6
??????? Fishes

• ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??
  ??????? ???????? pelagic species ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???
  (mackerel-Scomberomorus spp), tuna ????? ??? ???
  ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??
  ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ???
  ?????) Makaira inidica ???????? ?????? M.
  nigricans ?(Istiphorus platypterus ) sailfish ?
  ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? Serranidae,
  Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae(cods,groupers,
  (snappers,emperors,sweetlips etc.) ?? ?????
  ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
  .

7
??????? Fishes

• ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???
  ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???
  ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????
  ?????????? ?????????? . ??? ????? ???? ???? ???
  ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???
  ?????? ,??? ??????? ?? ???? 1978- 1979 ?? ?????
  ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??
  ????? 2.5?2.75 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???
  ???????? ???? ?? ????? 50000 ??? ??? ?????? ??
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??
  ????? 1.1 ????? ????? ????? .

8
???????? Molluscs

• ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??? Trochus(Trochus niloticus), oyster
  (Ostreidae), clams (Tridacna spp) and queen conch
  (Streidae) .
• ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ,???
  ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???
  ????????? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ??(Trochus )
  ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????
  ??????.????? ?????? ????? ???????? Gaint clams ??
  ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ????????
  ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????
  ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????
  ?????? ??? ???????? ??? Trochus ?????? ??????
  ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????
  ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? 5500
  ?? ?? ??? 1978 . ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????
  ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????
  ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? .

9
Lobsters

• ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????,
  ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? Pots ?? ???????? ??
  ?????? ???? ????
• ????? ??????? ?? 290 ?? ?? ??? 1976 ??? 100 ?? ??
  1981.

10
Lobsters

• ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? prawns ?
  ????????? lobster ??? Thenus orientalis ??? ????
  ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???
  ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??
  ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?
  ????????? (5000-4000 ?? ) ????? ?? ??????
  ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????
  ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????
  ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? .??? ?? ?????
  ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??
  ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??
  ??????? ?????? .

11
??????? Turtles

• ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????
  (??????? ) ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????
  ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????
  ????? ?????.???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????
  ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????
  ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????
  ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 10000 ?????? ????? ????
  ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 1970 .

12
?????? ????? Sea snakes

• ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????
  ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????
  ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????

13
???????? Corals

• ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1978
  ???? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????
  ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 600 ??? 1800
  ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? .????????? ??????
  ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??
  ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????. ??
  ????? ??????? ????????? (?????? ??????? ) ??????
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? 400 ??? 2000 ??
  ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
  ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??
  ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????
  ??????? .

14
????? ????? dugong

• ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????dugong ?? ???? ?? ??????
  ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????
  ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????
  ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????
  ???? ?????? Marsh(1986) ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????
  Torres strait ????? ?????? ?? ????? 22000 ???
  ???????? ??? 500 ???? ?? ????? . ???? ?? ????? ??
  ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????
  ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
  ?????? ?? ???????? .

15
??????? Siltation

• ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? silt ?? ???????
  ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????
  ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???
  ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? .
• ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??silt ???
  ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???
  ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???
  ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????
  ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????
  ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
  ????? ?????? ????????? .

16
?????? Pollution

• ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????
  ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
  ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???
  ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???
  ??????
• ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????
  ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? .
  ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???
  ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????
  ???????? ???????? .
• ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????
  ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
  ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????
  ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? Bleaching .

17

• ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
  ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????
  ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????
  ????? .
• ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
  ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????
  ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? .
  
• ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???
  ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???
  ??????? .???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
  ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????
  ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????
  ??????,???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????
  ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????
  ?????? .

18
??????? ???????? Tourism and recreation

• ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????
  ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
  ???????? ??????? . ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
  ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?
  ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??
  ??? ?? 3??? 37 ??? ???? 1972? 1981 ????? ??? ???
  ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? .??? ???
  ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????
  ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????
  ???? ??? ?????? ????????? .
• ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????
  ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?
  ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????
  ????????? ??? ??????? . ??? ????? ???????? ?? 25
  ??? 30 ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
  ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? .

19
?????? ??????? Coastal development

• ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????
  ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? .???? ?????
  ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????
  ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????
  ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??
  ?????? ??? ?? Mauritius ???? ??? ??? ???????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
  ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????
  ???????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????
  ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? .
• ????? ?????? Militory activities -
• ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????
  ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????
  ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????
  ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? .

20
??????? ???????? Natural phenomena

• ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????
  ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????
  ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??
  ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????
  ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ????????? ???????? .
• ??????? ??? ?????? unexplained phenomena -
• ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???
  ?????? ??? ?????Acanthaster planci ?????? ??
  ???????? ??? Drupella sp ???? ??????? ???? ??????
  ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?
  ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
  ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? .

21
?????? ??????? ??????? Options for management

• ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
• ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
  ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ?????????
  ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
  ?????????? ??????? .
• ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????
  ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????-
• ??????? ???? ??????
• ????? ?????? ????????
• ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? .
• ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
  ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???
  ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????
  ????? ?????? ????????? . ?? ???????? ??? ?????
  ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ???? ?? Australia, Townsville ????? ???? ??? ????
  ??????? ??? .

22

• ??????? ??????? - ????? ????? ????? ???????
  ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
  ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???
  ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? . ???????
  ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????
  ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???
  ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????
  ???????? .
• ??????? ??????? - ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???
  ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
  ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????
  ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??
  ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??
  ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????
  ????? ???????.

23

• ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????
  ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???
  ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ???????
  ?????????
• ??????? ???????? ?????????
• ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????
  ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????,
  ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????
  ????? ??????? ?? ??????? .
• ??????? ??????? ???????
• ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
  ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????
  ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??
  ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????
  ????????????? ???? ??? ????? .

24

• ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????
• ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?
  ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???
  ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
  ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????
  ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? . ??? ??
  ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??
  ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????
  ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????.

25

• ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
• ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????
  ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????
  ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? . ????
  ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????
  ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
  (????????) ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ??????.
• ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????
• ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
  ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???
  ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?
  ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? . ??????? ??????
  ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????
  ??????? ????? .

26

• ??????? ???????? ???????
• ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????
  ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????
  ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???
  ????? ??????? (?????? ??????????) ???????? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????
  ?????????? ??????? .

27
(No Transcript)