Generalization of Einstein

1
Generalization of Einsteins Theory of Brownian
Motion

• Mahmoud A. Melehy
• University of Connecticut
• Storrs, CT 06269-1157

2
Albert Einstein
(1879-1955)
Nobel Prize 1921
3
Thermal MomentumSignificance of Einsteins
Postulate

• Type translational, vibrational, and/or
  rotational
• H2, at 300 K, vrms 1.93 km/s 6,960 km/hour
• Conduction electrons in Cu, vrms 1,570 km/s
  5.65x106 km/hour.

4
The Principle of Detailed Balancing
5
The Gibbs Equation and Physicaldefinition of
Chemical Potential
6
The Gibbs Equation
The Gibbs-Duhem Equation
7
The Gibbs Equation
The Gibbs-Duhem Equation
8
Thermodynamic Generalization of The
Maxwell-Einstein Diffusion Force
9
The Principle of Detailed Balancing
10
(No Transcript)
11
Analogy with Electric Circuits
V or L
--
---

12
Theory Experiment for Ge Si Diodes
13
In Sb and Ga As Diodes
14
Solar Cell Theory Experiment
15
New Consequences ofthe First Second Laws
16
Interfacial Forces, Entropy Change
17
Interfacial Electrification
18
Water Film on Glass
19
Water Film on Corian
20
Surface Charge on Corian
21
Surface Charge on Styrofoam
22
Surface Charge on Mahogany Wood
23
Dipole-Charge Effects on Water-Glass Interfaces
24
Dipole-Charge Effects on Water-Glass Interfaces
25
(No Transcript)
26
Forces Shaping Tornadoes
27
Tornadoes and Lightning
28
(No Transcript)
29
Dew Accumulation on Grass
30
Phenomenon of Rising Mist

• Canadian Niagra Falls

31
Phenomenon of Rising Mist

• Canadian Niagra Falls

32
Example of Conduction Electrons in Metals and
Semiconductors

• Consistency of Einstein Theory of Brownian
  Motion with
• 1. The first and second laws of
• thermodynamics.
• 2. The quantum theory.

33
Thermal Momentum and Entropy Uniqueness
For any one constituent, the Gibbs-Duhem equation
Quantum mechanics allows to writing
Therefore, (1)
34
?
35
?
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
Summary and Conclusion

• Generalizing thermodynamically Einsteins theory
  of Brownian motion has led to an interfacial
  transport theory, which, in turn led to many
  consequences, including
• Revealing that the first and second laws of
  thermodynamics require the existence of electric
  charges on most surfaces, membranes and other
  interfaces.
• This nearly universal property of inter-faces
  makes it possible to readily explain

39

• many diverse phenomena, such as surface
  tension, capillarity, particle adhesion, the
  separation of charges upon phase change,
  atmospheric electricity, fog and cloud
  suspension, and even one mysterious phenomenon
  that has been observed since ancient times the
  generation of static electricity by rubbing two
  different, insulating surfaces against one
  another. How much had this particular phenomenon
  been explained before is described, in the May,
  1986 issue of Physics Today, by D. M. Burland,
  and L. B. Schein, who

40

• have stated "That some materials can
• acquire an electric charge by contact or rubbing
  has been known at least since the time of Thales
  of Miletus, around 600 B.C., and much work has
  been done on understanding the phenomenology of
  the effect, particularly in the 18th, and 19th
  centuries nevertheless the underlying physics of
  electrostatic charging of insulators remains
  unclear.
• Generalizing Einsteins theory of Brownian
  motion to interfacial systems has unlocked this
  ancient mystery, and many other ones too.
• Thank you.