Gyan Sagar Science Foundation International Science Symposium, January

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Gyan Sagar Science FoundationInternational
Science Symposium, January10

• Cosmology Jainism Scientism
• A Comparison
• Presented By
• Er. Piyush Jain

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What is Universe?
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What is Universe? Contd.

• Both Jains Science agree that the lok or
  universe can be defined by the presence of
  mattereals (dravya) or matter/energy.

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Creation of Universe

• According to science, the universe was created
  with a big bang and is likely to end in a big
  crunch or big chill.
• Owing to the momentum of bang, it is expanding
  into the infinite emptiness. However, according
  to science, universe is finite but with inflating
  boundary.

• According to Jain belief, the universe (LOK) was
  never created, nor will it ever cease to exist.
• LOK has a permanent finite boundary, well defined
  by the presence of two of the six
  mattereals(Dravyas) Dharmastikaya (Dynaons)
  and Adharmastikaya (Statons).

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Constitution of Universe

• Besides Dharmastikaya (Dynaons) and
  Adharmastikaya (Statons), other four mattereals
  existing in the universe are Space-time and
  Jiva-Pudgal.
• These four mattereals are dynamic by way of
  transportation and transformation, which is the
  very basis of life.
• Beyond this finite LOK, is the infinite ALOK,
  devoid of all the six mattereals.

• It is full of lightest elements, like hydrogen,
  helium and lithium. It has abundance of cold dark
  matter huge clouds of particles that are
  detectable by their gravitational effect only.
• Empty space is not empty at all it is a seething
  cauldron of quantum field activities.
• Beyond our own universe, existence of other
  universes is not ruled out.

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Constitution of Universe Contd.

• Six constituents of universe form three pairs
• Dharmastikaya (Dynaons) Helps motion
• Adharmastikaya (Statons) helps position
• Akash Space (Defines extent)
• Samay Time (Defines rate of change)
• Jiva Sentience or Intelligence
• Pudgal Energy(Sukshma) Matter (Sthula)

• Constitution of the universe comprises of three
  Layers
• first layer of reality is the observable universe
  of material objects.
• the second layer needs imagination. It is
  characterized by the ceaseless interplay of
  energy at microscopic level.
• the third layer emanates from the fact that
  something keeps energy as energy and particle as
  particle. Some force or more appropriately some
  fields keep hold of objects as they are. Examples
  are gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear
  fields etc.

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Extent of Universe

• As per Jain literatures, the LOK is shaped like a
  man standing legs apart with arms resting on
  waist. Its dimensions are
• Madhya Loka, at the centre of the universe
  consists of 900 yojans above and 900 yojans below
  the joint surface (plane).
• The height and width of Upper Lower Lokas are 7
  rajjus (innumerate yojanas).
• The depiction is only two-dimensional, the third
  dimension can be imagined as if the entire
  structure is rotated once along its vertical
  axis.

• Boundaries, extent and shape is not known to
  scientists as on today.
• Universe is known to have a beginning around 14
  billion years back.
• Universe is made up of billions of galaxies and
  each galaxy may have 400-500 billion stars.

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Laws of Universe

• Activities of LOK are so spontaneous that it is
  not created by anybody (GOD). LOK, therefore,
  possesses Default Intelligence and not Designed
  Intelligence.
• Time is endless and beginingless. It is divided
  into cycles of Utsarpinis (Progressive Time
  Cycle) and Avsarpinis (Regressive Time Cycle).

• God is left with nothing to do, as the
  disciplined Nature is governed by its own laws
  and principles - Science
• Time began with the big bang. Even if time
  existed before the creation of universe, it is of
  no relevance in the realm of science.

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Chronology of Cosmology

• In the journey of millions of years by the
  mankind, the first milestone reached only in
  1514AD, when Copernicus proposed that it was
  earth which is circling around the sun and not
  the other way round.
• In the year 1609, almost 100 years later, Galileo
  confirmed it. First fact was thus established -
• the orbits of our solar system, were
  sun-centric and not geo-centric.

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Chronology of Cosmology-Contd.

• Around the year 1687, an idea was mooted by Sir
  Newton about having an infinite static universe.
  But his own theory of gravitation contradicted
  it. Owing to the gravitational force, the stars
  in static universe will fall into one another and
  the universe would have collapsed.
• After another 100 years, in the middle of
  nineteenth century the idea of eternal universe
  was discarded by scientific fraternity. Had the
  stars around us were shinning since infinite
  time, rays from all the stars would have reached
  us by now and the earth would have received so
  much of energy that it would have been blown up
  by now. By the same argument all the other cosmic
  bodies too would be infinitely heated up. This
  established the second fact
• the Universe had a beginning.

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Chronology of Cosmology-Contd.

• Next milestone in this journey came relatively
  faster in the year 1929. This only confirmed the
  fact that the universe had beginning. Edwin
  Hubble observed that the cosmos is expanding as
  the galaxies are rocketing away from each other.
  This established the third fact
• the Universe is expanding.
• The immediate conclusion was that these galaxies
  were near to each other sometime in past. In
  fact, so near to each other that the universe
  occupied near zero space and possessed near
  infinite density. This established the fourth
  fact
• the Universe started with Big Bang.

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Birth of Universe-The Big Bang

• What Banged?
• A Ball of fire having almost infinite temperature
  and which was a one hundred millionth of a
  billionth the size of a proton, which itself is
  one thousand billionth the size of a grain of
  sand.

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Nascent Universe

• Within a fraction of a second, four fundamental
  forces gravity, electromagnetic, strong and
  weak nuclear forces were created.

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Child Universe

• By one second, the temp had fallen to ten billion
  degrees and universe became a giant thermonuclear
  reactor.
• Within first few minutes, the light atomic
  elements H He were produced.

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Adolescent Universe

• For more than a million years, universe kept on
  expanding silently till the temperatures fell to
  a few thousand degrees.
• At this point the electrons and nuclei had not
  enough energy to overcome the electromagnetic
  attraction. They thus started combining to form
  atoms.

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Adult Universe

• About 100 million years after the birth, the
  first star might have started shining.
• Now, around 14 billion years later, the universe
  comprises uncountable stars, black holes, dark
  matter and dark energy.

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Death of Universe - I

• If the universe does not have enough matter
  within it, then the gravitation generated by
  matter would be too weak to stop the universe
  from growing. This would cause the universe to
  expand forever and the galaxies would get dimmer
  and dimmer. The stars would inevitably exhaust
  their nuclear fuel and their light would
  eventually extinguish. The universe would thus
  end up having no light and no heat -- the state
  of Big Chill.

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Death of Universe - II

• On the other hand, if the universe contains
  sufficient matter, the gravitational attraction
  of the matter would be strong enough to slow down
  the expansion until the universe began to shrink.
  The temperature and matter density would get
  higher and higher, just like the Big Bang in
  reverse. The universe would eventually end in a
  Big Crunch. Afterwards the universe might restart
  itself with another Big Bang.

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Evidence-1 of the Big-Bang

• 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe
  is not static but undergoing dynamic expansion.
  He used the Hooker Telescope for his
  observations.
• His conclusions are irrefutable as the red shift
  in the colour spectra of distant galaxies is
  established beyond doubt.
• Farther the galaxy, faster is the rate of recede.

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Evidence-2 of the Big-Bang

• 1990 Hubbles Telescope - Installed in space,
  away from the disturbances of the earths
  atmospheric interferences, RFIs EMIs.
• It established the presence of black holes and
  provided a solid evidence that the mass-energy of
  tens of billions of galaxies can be packed into a
  small space.
• Extrapolating, it means that infinite energy can
  exist in a highly dense near zero space.

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Evidence-3 of the Big-Bang

• 1989 COBE Satellite Cosmic Background
  Explorer
• The mission was meant to detect the after-glow
  left by the big-bang. Every hot body emanates
  radiations and so did the original fire-ball. It
  was presumed that this after-glow can be detected
  though it has cooled down significantly.
• Data obtained so far match with the mathematical
  calculations and the temperature of Background
  radiation has been found to be around 2.7ºK above
  absolute zero.

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Evidence-4 of the Big-Bang

• 1960 Particle Accelerators have been able to
  generate near big-bang temperatures of trillions
  of degrees by accelerating electrons and other
  lighter particles to extremely high energies of
  up to 2GeV.
• By 2020 it is expected that the linear
  accelerators up to 40km long will enable
  laboratory simulation of black-holes. Hadron
  Collider is already a step forward.

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Cosmos of Science

• To sum up the present cosmological picture
  painted by scientists is as follows
• Age of the universe is around 14 billion years
  and it is by and large homogeneous.
• It is full of lightest elements, like hydrogen,
  helium and lithium.
• It has abundance of cold dark matter huge
  clouds of particles that are detectable by their
  gravitational effect only. (This finding is
  astonishingly close to Jain philosophy of
  Tamas-kaya Krishna-rajji.)
• Within a fraction of a second, the universe
  inflated at a tremendously accelerated rate
  breaking the GUT (Great Unification Theory)
  symmetry, simultaneously releasing burst of
  radiation.
• Soon after inflation, the regions of high density
  were acted upon by the cold dark matter to form
  the galaxies.

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Unanswered Questions

• What banged?
• Why banged?
• Where banged?
• Where from it came?
• Where is the centre of Universe?
• What is the extent/boundary of Universe?
• What before bang?

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Big-Bang OR Big-Humbug

• To the presenter, the entire idea of such a
  massive universe emanating out of an
  infinitesimally small ball of fire is
  preposterous. Based on the serious findings of
  some dedicated scientists, another group of
  scientists have prepared a commercial caricature
  named Big Bang.
• There are some basic flaws in this theory which
  every advocate of Big-Bang is trying to hide
  under carpet -

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Big-Bang OR A Big-Humbug

1. The entire hypothesis began with the Hubbles
   discovery of galaxies moving apart. This still
   remains the strongest argument. They immediately
   extrapolated that the galaxies were closely bound
   at one point of time!
2. Again, they found the radiation temperature to be
   around 3ºK, lo and behold, immediately some
   mathematicians came forward and calculated
   thousands of billions of temperature at the time
   of big-bang some 14 billion years back!
3. In their enthusiasm of proving a glamorous
   thought right, they overlooked several other
   explanations which can be used by the physicists
   for the aforesaid observations -

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Big-Bang OR Big-Humbug

• What could then be the possible explanations?
  The presenter has a few suggestions
• The accelerated recede of galaxies could be due
  to the pressure gradient existing between the
  matter of universe and void emptiness outside. It
  could be understood by an analogy of a balloon
  which can be inflated either by pumping air
  inside or creating vacuum outside.
• The extent of universe is so vast, even the
  tangential movement cannot be distinguished from
  the radial movement.

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Big-Bang OR Big-Humbug

• The phenomenon of recede can be explained using
  an analogy of a cloud formation
• The basic raw material, the water vapours are
  always present but when their concentration
  increases they form a cloud and the winds
  immediately start moving them.
• A similar process is possible for galaxy
  formation also. The basic raw material, call it
  dark matter/energy or pudgal, is always
  available. Due to various high-energy activities
  like supernova, gamma-ray bursts or black-hole
  formation, favourable conditions are produced for
  galaxy formation. Such a formation immediately
  start moving owing to the underlying
  gravitational field.

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Big-Bang OR Big-Humbug

• Similarly, there are other possible explanations
  for COBE observations
• As there are trillions of stars all around us, it
  is but natural that radiations received by us are
  homogeneous.
• Also, a near 3ºK temperature of background
  radiation simply means that the entire material
  activities of the universe are not able to
  produce enough heat as compared to the vast
  volume involved. There is no need to go back in
  time and presume that a hot fire ball has gone
  cold.

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Logical Trends in Jainism

• We have, so far, travelled a journey back in time
  riding on the scientific vehicle. Presenter,
  personally, has an intuition that this journey in
  scientific realm will soon change its course and
  incline towards the spiritual and philosophical
  ponderings of Jainism.
• We shall now embark upon the journey on the road
  paved by Lord Mahavira and try to unravel the
  realities of micro and macrocosm.

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Jain Cosmic Geography

• The sidhha kshetra or moksha is situated at the
  symbolic forehead of the creation, where all the
  jivas having attained nirvana reside in a state
  of complete peace and eternal happiness.
• The Dev- Lokas (Heavens) are situated at the
  symbolic chest part of the Creation, where all
  the Devas (demi gods) reside.
• The narrow waist part acts as place of 'vicharan'
  (roaming) for humans, animals and plants. We are
  in the Bharat Kshetra of 'Jambu Dwip'.
• Beneath the waist part are the seven Narka Lokas
  (Hells), each for a varying degree of suffering a
  jiva has to undergo to face the consequences of
  its pap-karma (sins).
• Outside the symbolic figure of this creation
  nothing but void alok exists.

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Jain - Time Cycle
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Jain Kaal Chakra - Continuum

1. Su?ama-su?ama (Blissful)
2. Su?ama(Pleasurable)
3. Su?ama-du??ama (Poignant)
4. Du??ama-su?ama (Agonizing)
5. Du??ama (Miserable)
6. Du??ama- du??am (Distressing)

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Jain Time scale

• Smallest unit of time is one samay
• Infinite samay constitute one avalika.
• One lakh avalika constitute one second.
• Time units builds to ghadi, paksha, rutus, yuga,
  century, purvaanga, purva, palyopama and
  sagaropama.
• Entire time-cycle is supposed to be constituted
  of 20,000 trillion Sagaropama.

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Time-Cycle (Suggestion)

• The Jain canons state that the events repeat
  themselves. Therefore, scientifically, the time
  cycle should be depicted in the form of a
  pendulum trajectory in which the area covered
  retraces the space-time.
• In circular depiction, space-time is different in
  Utsarpini and Avsarpani cycles.
• This suggestion of the author needs careful
  investigations so that the anomalies, if any, in
  the interpretation can be removed.

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Unanswered Questions

• Why everything in finite LOK is infinite?
• What makes Lok stand upright?
• Why there is no mention of stars being balls of
  intense fire?
• Why there is no mention of galaxies?
• Why the earth (Jambu Dwip) is said to be like a
  saucer and not a sphere?

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Grand Unification

• The purpose of this exercise is to establish a
  link between Jainism science by studying the
  concept of cosmos and laws of nature.
• In view of the author, who has undergone the
  rigours of Jainism and Science during the English
  translation of a book published under the title
  of Jain Studies Science Lord Mahavira was the
  greatest scientist whose laboratory was HIS mind
  and soul.
• Though various tenets of Jainism are proved to be
  scientific, this particular context of cosmology
  provides the author a great opportunity of Grand
  Unification between science and Jainism. Their
  respective concurrent conclusions, in the
  authors view are

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Meeting Grounds

• Both state the finite extent of universe. Any
  infinite extent will reduce the density to zero.
• Jainism and quantum physics agree that within the
  universe there is no empty space. While science
  says that the fields are all pervading, Jainism
  says that the dynons statons are omnipresent in
  the universe. Both agree that a seamless fabric
  is woven to support the entire gamut of
  activities.
• Science says that the energy and mass are
  mutually convertible. Jainism postulates that the
  energy is Shukshma Pudgal while mass is Sthula
  Pudgal, thereby implying that the both have same
  constituents differing only in magnitudes.
• Last but not the least both agree that
• GOD has not created the Nature but Nature is
  constantly working to create a GOD

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Conclusion

• Jainism says that the soul is eternal and it can
  attain its pristine form of being a GOD through
  the process of refinement.
• Science says that the longevity of physical body
  can be enhanced. Medical science today is
  constantly endeavouring to make the life healthy,
  happy and hopefully eternal.
• An astounding possibility thus arises to have
  an eternal soul residing in a body which lives
  healthy ever after, till it is liberated through
  right karmas.