The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped
making stuff at home and started making stuff in
factories!
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• The Industrial Revolution was a period from the
  18th to the 19th century where major changes in
  agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
  transportation, and technology had a profound
  effect on the socioeconomic and culture of the
  times
• Industrialization a shift from an agricultural
  (farming) economy to one based on industry
  (manufacturing)

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Key Terms

• Industrialization a shift from an agricultural
  economy (farming) to one based on industry
  (manufacturing)
• Manufacturing the use of machines, tools, and
  labor to make things for use or sale
• Rural farming or country life villages
  (sparsely populated)
• Urban city life (densely populated)
• Urbanization the movement of people to cities
• Tenement a substandard, multi-family dwelling
  usually old and occupied by the poor
• Free market a market in which there is no
  economic intervention and regulation by the state
  (govt)
• Capitalism private ownership of means of
  production
• Socialism society (not the individual) owns and
  operates the means of production

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Pre-Industrial Revolution

• Village life dominated families were nearly
  self-sufficient
• Most villagers were farmers

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Making Cloth Before Machines

• Cottage Industry
• Slow process
• Business involving people who worked at home

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Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution improved the quality
  and quantity of food
• Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried
  new crop rotation to get higher yields
• This led to a surplus of food fewer people died
  from hunger rapid growth in population
• Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure the
  process of taking over and consolidating land
  once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and
  profits rose). This forced smaller farmers out of
  business and into the cities looking for jobs

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Crop Rotation
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The Enclosure Movement

• The process of taking over and consolidating land
  formerly shared by peasant farmers
• Landowners gained
• More land for pastures
• Larger fields for crops
• Laborers lost
• Forced off their lands
• Moved to growing cities

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Land Enclosure in England
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Rapid Population Growth
Population of Britain in 1750 6 million
Population of Britain in 1851 21 million
Population of London in 1750 500,000
Population of London in 1851 3 million
Families in agriculture in 1750 65 of population
Families in agriculture in 1851 25 of population
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Industrial Revolution Begins In Great Britain.
Why?

• Stable Government
• No wars
• Had capital (money) to invest in businesses
• Had overseas markets (colonial empire)
• Natural Resources
• Coal (energy for machines)
• Iron ore (for tools)
• Large network of rivers to move products
• Labor Supply
• Growing population
• Ready workforce
• New Technology
• Invention and improvement of steam engine
• Factors of Production

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Push FactorsWhere did all the people go?

• Fewer worker needed on the lands
• Farmers forced off their lands
• Small owners could not compete
• Villages shrank
• Cities grew and GREW!!

Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870. Shows
the densely populated and polluted environments
created in the new industrial cities
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Migration to Cities
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Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the
United States
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First Major Industry to Form

• The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to
  compete with others for the supplies to make it.
• This raised a problem for the consumer because
  the products were at a higher cost.
• The solution was to use machinery, which was
  cheaper then products made by hand (which took a
  long time to create), therefore allowing the
  cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.

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Textile Factory Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
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Growth of Industry

• Growth of factories
• As demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with
  new machines (e.g., flying shuttle, spinning
  jenny)
• To house these new machines, manufacturers built
  the first factories
• New machines and factories increased production
• By the 1850s, factories began to be powered by
  coal and steam engines

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Technological Advances that Produced the
Industrial Revolution

• Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves
• Steam Engine James Watt
• Cotton Gin Eli Whitney
• Process for making Steel Henry Bessemer

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Spinning Jenny 1764

• Invented by James Hargreaves
• At the time, cotton production could not keep up
  with demand
• This machine spun many threads at the same time,
  thus reducing the amount of work needed to
  produce yarn (increased productivity produced
  yarn quickly)

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Modern Steam Engine 1763-1775

• Improved by James Watt
• Offered a dramatic
  increase in fuel
  efficiency
• Could be used to
  drive many different
  types of machinery
  (by the 1850s, most
  factories were powered by the steam
  engine)
• Increased the demand for coal to heat the water
  to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

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Cotton Gin 1793

• Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning
  of cotton
• A machine that quickly and easily separates the
  cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously
  done by hand
• Led to the demand for
  more slaves

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(Henry) Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of
Steel 1856

• Bessemer process involved using oxygen in air
  blown through molten pig iron to burn off the
  impurities and thus create steel
• Lowered the cost of steel production, leading to
  steel being widely substituted for cast iron
• Steel used for the production of guns and railway
  structures such as bridges and tracks

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Technology

• The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid
  advances in technology
• Which of these three inventions most changed the
  way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

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The Impact of the Railroad

• Transportation innovation that most changed the
  way raw materials, goods, and people moved
• Allowed communication and trade between places
  previously deemed too far

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Factories and Factory Towns

• Where employees worked
• Major change from cottage industry
• Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)

• Working in a factory
• No safety codes dangerous work for all
• Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c,
  dirty, smelly, cramped)
• Long workdays (12-14 hours)
• Little pay (men compete with women and children
  for wages)
• Child labor kept costs of production low and
  profits high
• Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all
  day every day)
• Owners of mines and factories exercised control
  over lives of laborers

• Life in factory towns
• Towns grew up around factories and coal mines
• Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes
  sickness
• Rapid population growth
• Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements
  (multistory buildings divided into apartments)

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Conditions in Factories
Dangerous Machinery
Monotony
Dirty
Cramped spaces
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• Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts
  died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling
  cotton dust, working long hours in unventilated
  rooms lit by oil lamps

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Child Labor

• Young children
• Long hours
• Poor treatment
• Dangerous conditions

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Life in Factory Towns
Rapid Population Growth
Cramped Tenements
Poor Sanitation
Pollution
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Housing

• Tenement a substandard,
  multi-family dwelling, usually old
  and occupied by the poor
• Built cheaply
• Multiple stories
• No running water
• No toilet
• Sewer down the middle of street
• Trash thrown out into street
• Crowded (5 people living in
  one room)
• Breeding grounds for diseases
• Pollution from factory smoke

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Factories and Mass Production
The factory system changed the world of
work Mass Production the production of large
amounts of standardized products, especially on
assembly lines
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Rise of Labor Unions

• Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand
  increased wages and improved working conditions
• Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers,
  including women and children
• Wanted workers rights and collective bargaining
  between labor and management

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Large Gaps between Rich Poor
The HAVE-NOTS The Poor, The Over-Worked, and
the Destitute

• The HAVES
• Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the
  Industrial Revolution

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Upstairs/Downstairs Life
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
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Positive Effects

• Increased world productivity
• Growth of railroads (faster and more efficient
  transportation of goods and people)
• New entrepreneurs emerged (more money more
  technology/inventions)
• New inventions improved quality of life for many
• Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve
  working conditions
• Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety
  codes in cities and factories
• New opportunities for women
• Rise of the middle class size, power, and
  wealth expanded
• Social structure becomes more flexible

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Negative Effects Factory Life

• Child labor used in factories mines
• Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous
  (fingers, limbs, lives lost) working conditions
• Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive
  machinery
• Long working hours six days a week, with little
  pay
• Rigid schedules ruled each day
• Gas, candle oil lamps created soot and smoke in
  factories
• Diseases such as pneumonia tuberculosis spread
  through factories

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Negative Effects Labor Practices Housing Issues

• Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes
  violent)
• Strikes take place
• Women were paid less than men (were actually
  preferred)
• Indentured workers
• Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded,
  and cold
• Human and industrial waste contaminated water
  supplies typhoid and cholera spread

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Negative Effects Worldwide

• Air pollution increased over cities and
  industrial areas
• Technological changes eroded the balance of power
  in Europe
• Contributed to the growth of imperialism and
  communism (Marxs Engels theories)
• Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a
  military advantage over developing nations

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New Ways of ThinkingEconomic Patterns
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Age of Reforms

• Industrial Rev. led to economic, social, and
  political reforms.
• Laissez faire economics became the popular
  economic policy for business owners as they did
  not want government interference in the economy.

• Adam Smith and his book Wealth of Nations, argued
  that government need not interfere in the economy
• Law of
• Self interest
• Competition
• Supply and demand

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Capitalism

• Economic system in which the means of production
  are privately owned and operated for a private
  profit
• Free-market economy decisions regarding supply,
  demand, price, distribution, and investments are
  made by private actors
• Profit goes to owners who invest in the business
• Wages are paid to workers employed by companies
  and businesses

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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias

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Karl Marx Communism

• Wrote The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• A response to the injustices of capitalism
  argued that capitalism would produce internal
  tensions which would lead to its destruction
• Communism a political philosophy that aims for
  a classless and stateless society structured upon
  common ownership of the means of production and
  an end to private property
• Class struggle between employers and employees
  is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its
  emphasis on greediness and selfishness, the new
  society ruled by the proletariat (working class)
  will ensure social, economic, and political
  equality for everyone.

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Capitalism vs. Communism

• Capitalism
• an economic and social system in which capital
  
  is privately owned
• labor, goods and capital are traded in markets
  and
• profits distributed to owners or invested in
  technologies and industries.
• Communism
• a social structure in which classes are abolished
  
• property is commonly controlled
• A dictatorship of the workers