Chapter 15

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Chapter 15The South and West Transformed

• How did the economy, society, and culture of the
  South and West change after the Civil War?

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Standards

• c. Describe the growth of the western population
  and its impact on Native Americans with reference
  to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.

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The New SouthSection 1

• How did the southern economy and society change
  after the Civil War?
• Vocabulary
• cash crop
• Civil Rights Act of 1875
• Farmers Alliance

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Sec 1 The New South
The New South
Industries and Cities Grow   Main Idea In the
1880s, new industries spread throughout the
south. As cigar and lumber production increased,
along with the growth of coal-, iron-, and
steel-processing centers, new cities emerged in
the Carolinas, Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee, and
Alabama. Southern Farmers Face Hard Times Main
Idea Before the Civil War, most southern
planters had concentrated on such crops as cotton
and tobacco, which were grown not to be sold for
cash. The lure of the cash crop continued after
the war, despite efforts to diversify. The
Souths heavy reliance on these cash crops made
them vulnerable when pests threatened their
crops. Black Southerners Gain and Lose Main
Idea The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
amendments had changed African Americans legal
status. Over time, however, these legal gains
were pushed back by a series of Supreme Court
decisions.
Continued
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Industries and Cities Grow

• New industries spread through the South
  textiles, lumber, cigars, coal, iron, and steel
  processing
• More diversified farming with smaller farms
• Railroads link cities and towns
• Southern economic recovery is limited (war
  damage, lack of capital, limited education, few
  southern banks)

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Southern Farmers Face Hard Times

• Cotton dominates agriculture price was depressed
  and boll weevil appeared in the 1890s
• Farmers band together Farmers Alliance tried to
  convince government to force railroads to lower
  the freight prices and regulate interest charged
  by banks

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Black Southerners Gain and Lose

• Political and economic gains citizenship allowed
  the right to vote
• Some opened businesses or bought farms
• African Americans had access to education
• White blacklash KKK used terror and freedoms
  were whittled away
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed African
  Americans the right to ride trains and use public
  facilities
• Supreme Court ruled in 1883 that these were local
  issues to be decided by state or local law
• Southern governments rolled back rights of
  African Americans

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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
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Reading Skill Identify Supporting Details
NOTE TAKING
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Transparency Railroads Connect the South
Railroads Connect the South
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Chart Wholesale Price of Cotton 1865-1890
Wholesale Price of Cotton, 1865-1890
CHART
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Chart Per Capita Income in the South, 1860 and
1880
Per Capita Income in the South, 1860 and 1880
CHART
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• Westward Expansion and the American Indians
• Section 2

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Westward Expansion and the American Indians

• How did the pressures of westward expansion
  impact Native Americans?
• Vocabulary
• reservation Wounded Knee
• Sand Creed Massacre assimilate
• Sitting Bull Chief Joseph
• Dawes General Allotment Act
• Battle of Little Big Horn

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Sec 2 Westward Expansion and the American Indians
Westward Expansion and the American Indians
Cultures Under Pressure Main Idea By the end of
the Civil War, about 250,000 Indians lived in the
region west of the Mississippi River referred to
as The Great American Desert. Although they
were lumped together in the minds of most
Americans as Indians, Native Americans embraced
many different belief systems, languages, and
ways of life. New Settlers and Native Americans
Clash Main Idea The rapid industrial
development and expansion following the Civil War
set Native Americans and white settlers on a
collision course. The End of the Indian
Wars Main Idea The conditions facing Native
Americans had all the ingredients for tragedy.
Indians were confined to isolated and
impoverished areas, which were regularly subject
to disease. Frustration, particularly among young
warriors, turned to violence. The Government
Promotes Assimilation Main Idea The reservation
policy was a failure. Making Indians live in
confined areas as wards of the government was
costly in human and economic terms.
Continued
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Railroads and Settlers

• Railroads brought swarms of settlers, who took
  Native American lands
• Some signed treaties, selling their lands and
  went to reservations
• Others fought, or did not stay on the reservations

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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details
Reading Skill Identify Supporting Details
NOTE TAKING
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Diverse Native Cultures Destroyed

• Native Americans viewed land and nature as
  sacred settlers viewed land as a resource to
  produce wealth
• Buffalo killed off
• Native Americans are forbidden to practice their
  religions
• Their land is lost when the Dawes Act gave each
  male a plot many sold the land.
• The amount of land owned by Indians
• shrank by 65 by 1934.

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The Sand Creed Massacre

• Sioux rebellion, which began in 1862, inflamed
  Indians and whites
• In 1864, Colorado militia, under the command of
  John Chivington, attacked unarmed Cheyenne and
  Arapaho Indians, killing many men, women, and
  children
• Army continued the fight on the Plains

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Transparency Sand Creek Massacre
Sand Creek Massacre
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The Final Destruction

• Navajo and Apache wars began in 1865 and
  continued until Geronimo surrendered in 1886
• The First Sioux War in 1865 occurred when the
  government decided to build a road through Sioux
  hunting lands in Montana
• Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 U.S. would not build
  the road Sioux would live on a reservation with
  U.S. support
• Red River War defeat of Comanches and Kiowas
• The Second Sioux War began in 1875 when miners
  went to the Black Hills in SD. Chief Sitting
  Bull left the reservation

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Sitting Bull and the Fall of the Sioux

• Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer was sent to
  locate the Indians
• In the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Custer and
  more than 200 soldiers were killed. Sitting Bull
  escaped to Canada, but returned to the
  reservation five years later.
• In 1890, more than 200 unarmed Sioux are
  massacred at Wounded Knee.

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Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce

• Tribe located in the Northwest
• Youth attacked settlers to get Nez Perce horses
• Chief Joseph tried to escape with his people and
  got to within 40 miles of Canada.
• Finally settled on a reservation in Washington
  State

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The Fate of Indian Territory

• Nearly 70 Indian nations had been forced into
  Indian Territory
• In 1889 Congress opened 2 million acres to
  settlers
• At noon on April 22, hundreds of homesteaders
  rushed across the border
• Known as boomers those who sneaked in early were
  known as sooners.

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Wounded Knee

• Religious revival Ghost Dance to banish whites
  and restore buffalo
• 1890 Sitting Bull was killed
• Army killed over 100 at Wounded Knee in South
  Dakota

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Note Taking Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING
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Infographic Assimilation by Force
Assimilation by Force
INFOGRAPHIC
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Government Promotes Assimilation

• Reformers criticize policy Helen Hunt Jackson
  fought for recognition of Indian rights in the
  courts
• Congress passes the Dawes General Allotment Act
  in 1887 Replaced the reservation system with the
  allotment system each Indian family was given a
  160-acre farm, but with the arid land, the farms
  were too small
• Many Indian children were sent to boarding schools

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• Transforming the West
• Section 3

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Transforming the West

• What economic and social factors changed the West
  after the Civil War?
• Vocabulary
• vigilante open range
• Homestead Act land grant
• transcontinental railroad
• Exodusters

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Sec 3 Transforming the West
Transforming the West
Miners Hope to Strike It Rich   Main Idea Mining
was the first great boom in the West. Gold and
silver were the magnets that attracted a vast
number of people. Prospectors from the East were
just a part of a flood that included people from
all around the world. Railroaders Open the
West Main Idea As industry in the West grew,
the need for a railroad to transport goods
increased as well. The effects of the new
railroads were far reaching. They tied the nation
together, moved products and people across the
continent, and spurred industrial
development. Ranchers Build the Cattle
Kingdom Main Idea Cattle ranching fueled
another western boom. This was sparked by the
vast acres of grass suitable for feeding herds of
cattle. Once the railroad provided the means to
move meat to eastern markets, the race was on for
land and water. Farmers Settle on
Homesteads Main Idea The Great Plains were the
last part of the country to be heavily settled by
whites. It was originally set aside for Indians
because it was viewed as too dry for agriculture.
Yet, with the coming of the transcontinental
railroad, millions of farmers moved into the
West. Continued
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Mining Frontier

• Sutters Mill in CA
• Pikes Peak
• Comstock Lode
• Placer mining shoveled dirt into a pan and
  washed it in water, looking for gold or silver
• Large corporations will move in with mining
  equipment, placing a burden on the water supply.
• Mining will help the industrial development

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Transparency Boom Town
Boom Town
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Big Business Receives Land

• Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 gave the
  Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad
  companies 10 square miles on each side of the
  tracks.
• Sold land to settlers who wanted farms

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The Cattle Industry

• Americans adopted Mexican ranching ways,
  equipment, and dress.
• Huge demand for beef
• Long drive transporting cattle from ranges to
  the cow towns
• Chisholm Trail linked Texas to Kansas and the
  railroad
• Barbed wire will end the open-range system

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Two Land Laws

• Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 provide support
  for state colleges the federal government
  distributed millions of acres of western lands to
  state governments the land was sold to fund
  agricultural colleges
• Homestead Act, 1862 offered 160 acres of land to
  those who met the requirements
• 1. 21 years old
• 2. American citizens or have filed for
  citizenship
• 3. Pay 10
• 4. Build a house and live in it at least 6
  months a year
• 5. Farm the land for 5 consecutive years
• Problems Many too poor, no farming experience,
  fraud

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Settlers Work Together

• Water was scarce, contaminated 1880s had
  well-drilling equipment
• Backbreaking labor
• Men often had to leave and work in towns for
  cash, leaving families alone
• Families cooperated in building houses, barns,
  sewing quilts, corn-husking, caring for the sick

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Farming on the Plains

• Challenging conditions
• New technology-dry farming, planting crops that
  do not require much water
• Agricultural knowledge
• Bonanza farms controlled by big businesses
• Farm debt machines were costly, land
  speculation, and low prices for crops

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Transparency Cattle Drive
Cattle Drive
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African Americans

• Exodusters 50,000 African Americans who moved to
  the West
• Benjamin Pap Singleton led a group
• Life was hard due to poverty, lack of experience
  with prairie crops like wheat and corn
• Most were happier than if they had stayed in the
  South

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Women on the Frontier

• Long periods alone
• Men often had to leave to find jobs for cash
• Women stayed to protect homestead from squatters
• Western women led the fight for the right to vote
• 1890 Wyoming was the first state to give women
  the right to vote

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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
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Competition, Conflict, and Change

• Economic Rivalries Conflicts between miners,
  ranchers, sheepherders, and farmers led to
  violence biggest losers were Native Americans
• Prejudices and discrimination West was most
  diverse area of country with Asian, Mexican and
  Mexican American, and Native American residents

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The West by 1900

• Number of tenant farmers grew in the West
• Corporations owned many large farms
• Farmers were deeply in debt
• Census of 1890 frontier ended

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Frederick Jackson Turner

• Claimed that the frontier had played a central
  role in forming the American character
• Frontier had produced individualistic, restless,
  and socially mobile Americans who were ready for
  adventure

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