The Decline of the City-State

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The Decline of the City-State the rise of the
Hellenistic Age

• The Peloponnesian Wars (431404 BCE)
• Alexander the Great (r 336-323 BCE)

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The corruption of the Delian League
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Sparta's response to the Delian League
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The Final Blow to Athens

• The Spartan admiral, Lysander captured the
  Athenian fleet in the Dardanelles cutting of its
  food supplies
• Athens was required to tear down its walls and
  agreed to be ruled by a government appointed by
  Sparta

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Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars, 431-404 BCE

• Despite the restoration of democratic government,
  Athens never returned to its former power
• Constant warfare among other states continued In
  371, Sparta lost its first war to Thebes
• The loss of manpower on both sides weakened all
  of Greece

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Philip II of Macedon r. 359-336 BCE

• An ambitious and resourceful ruler of Macedonia
  who built up his army and planned to conquer the
  Greeks and the Persians.

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The Philippics

• A series of fiery speeches by Demosthenes
• In 338 BC, Philip defeated Athens and its allies
  and created The League of Corinth

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Alexander the Great, r 336-323 BC

• Inherited an empire
• Destruction of Thebes

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Aristotle tutoring Alexander (J. L. Ferris,
1895)
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Alexander III The Legend

• Some say he had a vision to unite the human race
  in a Pan-Hellenic culture - one empire where
  people could live in peace, understanding and
  harmony
• He wanted to conquer the known worldjust another
  paranoiac-tyrant.
• His goal may have been to have a stable empire
  with no threats to his vast holdings.

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Alexander in Egypt

• Welcomed as a liberator from Persian tyranny
• Hailed as Pharoah and given the double crown of
  Upper and Lower Egypt
• Egypt had always been the object of awe and
  source of inspiration to the Greeks
• Irony a barbarian chief of a backwater kingdom
  in the Balkan mountains had become the ruler of
  the oldest continuous civilization on earth.

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Alexanders final campaign

• Alexanders expansionism ended in the mountainous
  regions of Bactria (present-day Afghanistan) -
  his army experienced its hardest fighting and
  never succeeded in getting more than a tenuous
  hold on the territory.
• Alexanders last battle, Hydaspes, 326 BC, on the
  banks of the Indus River, was an empty victory-
  his famous horse Bucephalus was killed and his
  men, thousands of miles and eight years from
  home, refused to go on.

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Returning to Babylon, Alexander began to
consolidate his empire gt integrated 30,000
Persian youth into his army gt married a
Persian princess gt arranged for 80 of his
officers and 10,000 soldiers to marry
women from the Empire gtpunished soldiers
who did not respect Persian culture

gt Adopted Persian dress for himself gt
Encouraged the ritual of proskynesis
Alexander died in 323 BC
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Alexanders Legacy

• He pushed the world in a new direction- a fusion
  of disparate people an intermingling of
  cultures
• The Hellenistic Age begins with his death in 323
  BCE and ends with the death of Cleopatra in
  27BCE.

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Alexanders vast empire merged many peoples into
a new, cosmopolitan culture known as Hellenistic
Civilization.

• Map of Alex empire goes here

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The empire was divided among 4 generals

• Seleucus Ptolemy Lysimachus and Cassander
  

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Cosmopolitanism

• Hellenistic society is characterized by a
  mingling of Greek, Egyptian Persian cultures
• In the lands he conquered, Alexander introduced
  Greek language, literature and art
• established over 70 cities Alexandria
• A world community joined by commerce, trade and
  travel replaced the Polis as the center of life
• New philosophies- Stoicism and Epicureanism
  emerged to help the common man cope with their
  new status in a world community instead of the
  local polis.

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Zeno (342-270 BC) Stoicism

• Urged individuals to live according
  to reason and be indifferent to
• pleasure and pain (happiness
  
• and sorrow)
• Avoid desires and disappointments calmly accept
  whatever life brings your way
• The commonality of Man all people are morally
  equal, including women and slaves, because all
  have the power to reason
• Advocated high moral standards including
  protecting the rights of fellow human beings

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Epicurus, (341-270 BC) -Epicureanism

• Strive for individual happiness in the big,
  confusing world by avoiding pain and anxiety
• Criticized attempts to gain wealth, power or fame
  because it increases anxiety
• Enjoy the simple pleasures of life- talking with
  friends, enjoying good food or just lying on
  soft grass near a running stream.
• Later followers stressed the pleasure rather
  than the simplicity!

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Circa 200 BCE The Lighthouse of Alexandria,
Egypt, was the world's first
important lighthouse. It guided ships into the
city's harbor for about 1,500 years before being
toppled by an earthquake.
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Hellenistic Science and Math

• Euclid (about 300 BC) Geometry
• Archimedes (287-212 BC) Mathematician and
  Scientist discovered principles of the lever,
  the pulley and specific gravity.
• Aristarchus (310-230 BC) Astronomy-concluded the
  earth revolved around the sun
• Architecture emphasized size and grandeur
• Sculpture showed realism and individuality

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Ptolemy's great work on geography and mapmaking,
called the Geography, appeared around the year
150 AD. It influenced philosophers and scientists
for 1500 years.
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Architecture emphasized size and grandeur
The alter to Zeus at Pergamon, Asia Minor
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Sculpture showed realism and emotion
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Heaven cannot have two suns, nor earth, two
masters.
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I am not afraid of an army of lions led by a
sheep, I am afraid of an army of sheep led by a
lion.
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Remember upon the conduct of each depends the
fate of all.
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There is nothing impossible to him who will try.
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• I m indebted to my father for living, but to my
  teacher for living well.