Human Development

1
Human Development

• Infancy to childhood
• Chapter 10

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Development

• Developmental Psychology- study how people grow
  and change through out life span
• This includes
• physical (body) development,
• social (friendships) development,
• cognitive (brains) development

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Child Development

• Maturation- Automatic and sequential process of
  development that results from genetic signals.
• Roll, sit , crawl , stand ,walk genetic
  timetable
• Critical Period- stage of development which
  person is best suited to learn a skill or
  behavior
• Behaviorists believe babies born with a blank
  slate and environment affects behavior
• Stages versus Continuity
• Argument that Development like
• stairs with on distinct stage or
• a slow merging of all stages unnoticed

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Infants Birth- Age 2

• Physical Development
• Height, weight,
• Cognitive Development
• Motor development- Reflexes, crawling
• Social Development
• Contact Comfort -Babies are comforted by being
  held and respond to mothers voice
• Self esteem begins early in life.
• Self esteem - is the value or worth that people
  attach to themselves.
• Gives people the confidence to know they can
  overcome difficulties
• Children who know that they are good at something
  usually have a higher self-esteem

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Infants

• Attachment- infants develop a specific
  attachment with their mothers and will cry when
  mothers are not present
• Infants who do not receive adequate contact
  comfort may develop what is called failure to
  thrive a medical condition which an infant does
  not gain enough weight and fail to develop
  normally.
• The first year in life is the most important time
  period to establish attachment to the mother
• Secure children tend to be more happy, friendly,
  and more cooperative with parents and teachers.
• Research shows that children fare better if
  parents are warm and friendly with them
• They are more likely to develop a sense of moral
  goodness and responsibility
• Children from cold parents are more interested in
  escaping punishment than in doing the right
  thing.

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Parenting Style
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Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget (1896-1980) believed that childrens
  thinking developed in a sequence of stages
• Some may be advanced but all children developed
  in the same sequence
• Sensori-motor stage
• Preoperational stage
• Concrete-Operational stage
• Formal-Operational stage

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Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor stage- babies learn to coordinate
  sensation and perception with motor activity
  (Birth- 2 years).
• Children 3-4 months old are fascinated with their
  own hands and legs.
• Babies 4-8 months infants are exploring cause and
  effect relationships
• hit mobiles above head and they move.
• Around 10 months infants figure out object
  permanence- understand object exists when it
  cant be seen or touched.
• Objects permanence occurs because infants are
  able to hold an idea in mind.

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• Examples
• Infants that are two or three months are
  fascinated by their arms and legs
• They also like watching their fist open and
  close.
• 10-month child would search for a teddy bear that
  was hidden behind a screen
• Infants understand when things are taken away
  that they still exist

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Age Level of Scemas Object knowledge Motor Development
0-1 Reflexes None
1-4 spontaneous movements repeated for the sake of bodily satisfaction ex. thumb-sucking objects are images linked to the infant's actions Holding head up/ sitting up
4-8 making interesting sights last, beginnings of intentional activity search for partially hidden objects Sitting up
8-12 coordination of cover removal and graspinggoal-oriented search for fully hidden objects crawling
12-18 inventing new means cannot take account of invisible displacements Walking to solve problems
18-24 mental representation full object permanence
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Childhood (Age 2- 6)

• Preoperational Stage- (2-7 years ) children begin
  to use words to represent objects.
• children in this stage do not yet understand
• concrete logic
• cannot mentally manipulate information
• unable to take the point of view of other people
• A period of egocentrism- inability to see another
  persons point of view
• The world exists to meet their needs (ex. sit in
  front of TV).
• using symbols as evidenced by the increase in
  playing and pretending.

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Concrete Operational Stage

• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) logical
  only when think about specific objects, they
  cant grasp abstract ideas
• Many teachers use hands on activities, seeing and
  touching help them understand abstract concepts.
• understanding of reversibility, or awareness that
  actions can be reversed.
• Inductive logic involves going from a specific
  experience to a general principle (talking to
  strangers)
• Have difficulty using deductive logic,
• which involves using a general principle to
  determine the outcome of a specific event.

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Formal Operational Stage

• Formal Operational Stage (age 12-25years) begins
  in puberty
• ideas can be compared just a s objects,
• use reason and logic to solve problems,
• capable in dealing with a hypothetical
  situations, think ahead.
• children begin to consider possible outcomes and
  consequences of actions.
• Long-term planning.
• In earlier stages, children used trial-and-error
  to solve problems.
• During the formal operational stage, the ability
  to systematically solve a problem in a logical
  and methodical way emerges.

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A Sensorimotor C Concrete OperationalB Pre
operational D Formal Operational

• ___ Conservation
• ___ Moral Judgement
• ___ Abstract Thinking

• ___ Object Permanence
• ___ Reversibility
• ___

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Kohlberg's Stages -Moral Development

• A woman was near death from a special kind of
  cancer. There was one drug that the doctors
  thought might save her. It was a form of radium
  that a pharmacist in the same town had recently
  discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but
  the pharmacist was charging 10 times what the
  drug cost him to make. He paid 200 for radium
  and charged 2,000 for a small dose of the drug.
  The sick womens husband, Heinz, went to
  everyone he knew to borrow money, but he could
  only raise about 1,000- half the amount he
  needed. He told the pharmacist that his wife was
  dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him
  pay later. But the pharmacist rejected the mans
  plea saying that he had discovered the drug and
  intended to make money from it. Heinz became
  desperate and broke into the mans store to steal
  the drug for his wife.
• Was Heinz right in stealing the drug?

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Kohlberg's Stages Moral Development

• Preconventional moral reasoning- Judgement is
  based on consequences of behavior- ( age 9)
• Stage 1- Avoid Punishment (Hienz wrong
  punishment)
• Stage 2- Satisfy Needs (Heinz Right)
• Conventional moral reasoning - if act conforms
  to standards of right and wrong judged by
  society (Age 13-16)
• Stage 3- Winning Approval from other people (Both
  right and Wrong)
• Stage 4- Law and Order (Wrong)
• Postconventional moral reasoning- judgments
  based on ones own personal views.
• Stage 5- Social Order- personal values (right-
  due to circumstances)
• Stage 6- Universal Ethics- morality of individual
  conscience (right values of justice)

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Kohlberg's Stages Moral Development
Stage Moral reasoning Goal What is right
Pre conventional
1 Avoid Punishment Do anything to avoid punishment
2 Satisfy Needs Do anything to satisfy needs
Conventional
3 Winning Approval Win approval from others
4 Law and Order Maintain Social Order, regard for authority
Post Conventional
5 Social Order Obedience to accepted laws based on personal values
6 Universal ethics Morality of individual consciousness, not necessarily with others
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Eric Ericksons Stages of Psychological
Development
Age Crisis Name Crisis Description
0-1 Trust V Mistrust Infant is well cared for, she will develop faith in the future. But if she experiences too much uncertainty about being taken care of, she will look at the world with fear and suspicion.
1-2 Autonomy Vs. Doubt Child learns self control and self assertion. But if receives too much criticism, he will be ashamed of himself and have doubts about his independence
2-5 Initiative Vs. Guilt When a Child begins to make her own decisions, constant discouragement or punishment could lead to guilt and loss of initiative.
5- Puberty Industry Vs. Inferiority The Child masters skills and takes pride in his competence. Too much criticism of his work at this stage can lead to long term feelings of inferiority.
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Eric Ericksons Stages of Psychological
Development
Age Crisis Name Crisis Description
12-18 Adolescence Identity V. Role Confusion Teenager tries to develop her own separate identity while fitting-in with her friends. Failure leads to confusion over who she is
18-30 Early Adulthood Intimacy Vs. Isolation Person secure with own identity proceed to an intimate partnership in which he/she makes compromises for another. Isolated person may have many affairs but always avoids true closeness.
30-50 Middle Age Generatively Vs. Stagnation Person stagnated is absorbed in self and tries to hang on to the past. Generativity involves a productive life that will serve as an example to next generation
50-80 Late Adulthood Integrity Vs. Despair Some people look back over life with a sense of satisfaction and accept both and accept both the bad and the good. Others face death with nothing but regrets.
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Chapter 11- Adolescence

• Early adolescence Age 11-14
• Middle adolescence ages 15-18
• Late adolescence ages 18-21

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Physical development

• Growth spurt- lasts two to three years
• Girls usually begin spurt 2 years earlier than
  boys
• Puberty changes in body that lead to the ability
  to reproduce.
• In Males- more hormones produced testosterone,
  develop broader shoulders deeper voice more
  muscle tissue and other things
• In Females -Hormones produce estrogen, hips
  become wider and other things
• Different maturation rates
• In boys seen as a good thing strength and
  popularity
• In girls a negative thing awkwardness

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Social Development

• Relationships with parents changes and difficult
• Striving for greater freedom, spend less time
  with family.
• Parents and children usually share similar
  social, political, religious, and economic views.
  
• Relationships with peers
• Peers become more important with influence and
  emotional support. (Talking on phone or
  computers)
• Adolescence usually choose friends who are
  similar in age, same sex, background, educational
  goals, and attitudes towards drinking and drug
  use
• Share secrets and personal feelings (support)

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Challenges for Adolescence

• Gender Roles- Should women get a job? What should
  men do?
• Ethnicity identity formation- Cultural values vs.
  ethnic values
• Sexuality- when to show sexual feelings
• Bodies are saying go ahead
• Parents and teachers say no, wait.
• Teenage pregnancy is very difficult for mothers
  to complete education and to achieve personal
  goals and give the child the support and
  attachment that it needs.
• This is a very stressful time in life (trying to
  figure life out)

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Challenges for Adolescence

• Anorexia nervosa- self starvation and a distorted
  body image
• Bulimia- binging or compulsive overeating
  followed by purging
• Substance abuse- seen as enjoyable and to earn
  respect from peers, others try to escape from the
  emotional stress
• Alcohol accidents are the leading cause of death
  among teens
• These provide temporary relief from stress but
  usually lead to additional problems
• (motivational problem- lead to success problems
  lead to more substance problems)
• If you or know a friend who has a problem SEEK
  HELP!! See parents, teachers, or a counselor
  solve the problem now before it becomes more
  difficult to solve. There is treatment.

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Chapter 12- Adulthood

• Young adulthood ages 20-40 physically and
  mentally at their strongest point
• Changes in relationships with parents tend to
  improve
• Adults are independent and take responsibility
  for themselves
• In 20s adults choose a course of life that is
  right for them
• Find Personal stability begin to settle down with
  who you are
• Marriage may enter the picture
• Teen age marriage suffer high divorce rates
  because personal life is not stable yet

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• In 30s re-evaluate if course is still right
• Why am I doing this?
• Where is my life going?
• Continue stabilizing life

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Middle Adulthood

• Age 40-60 lose strength stamina, and coordination
• Some begin fitness programs to stay in shape
• Exercise an important influence on the world
  (improve relationships, parenting, voting, and
  help within their communities)
• Do this to avoid stagnation emptiness and
  meaningless lives
• Mid-life crisis- reassess life, see younger
  people advancing quickly, children no longer need
  them feel as if they lost purpose in life fall
  into a depression
• Need to find a new outlet for their talents and
  experiences (Age mastery)
• How has Will Smith decided to avoid a crisis?

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Late Adulthood

• Age 65 People are living longer than ever
• Retirement- some see as exciting others approach
  with anxiety
• Wrinkles in skin
• Senses decline
• Regular exercise can make adults feel well and
  fight disease
• some experience memory loss
• Majority of people have no serious decline in
  intellectual skills