Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812

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Jeffersonian Republic1800-1812
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The Big Ideas Of This Chapter

1. Jeffersons effective, pragmatic policies
   strengthened the principles of two-party
   republican govt - even though Jeffersonian
   revolution caused sharp partisan battles
2. Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply
   entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the
   Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and
   failed embargo that revived the moribund
   Federalist Party
3. James Madison fell into an international trap,
   set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided. The
   country went to war against Britain. Western War
   Hawks enthusiasm for a war with Britain was
   matched by New Englanders hostility.

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Cultural Nationalism

• Education ? The Virtuous Citizen
• An American form of English
• Noah Webster

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• We are all Republicans,
• we are all Federalists
• Is that true? Economically?
• Some historians say they are the same b/w
  Jefferson and Hamilton both dealt with rich
  people - be they merchants or southern planters
• Some historians say they are the same b/c
  Jefferson did not hold to his Strict
  Constructionist theory because
• Louisiana purchase
• Allowing the Natl bank Charter to expire rather
  than destroying it as soon as he took office

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1800 Election Results
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1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 73 73 52.9
Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 73 73 52.9
John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 65 47.1
Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 64 46.4
John Jay New York Federalist 1 1 0.7

Total Number of Electors 138
Total Electoral Votes Cast 276
Number of Votes for a Majority 70
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1800 Election Results (Into the House of
Representatives!!) ? 1 vote for each State ?

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 10 62.5
Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 4 4 25.0
Blank ------- 2 2 12.5

• Despite their political differences, Hamilton
  knew that Jefferson was the better
• man for the job. Much more qualified than Burr
• This deadlock pointed out a flaw in Constitution
  as a result 12th amendment
• was passed, requiring separate ballots be cast
  for President and VP

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2004 Election Headlines
Outreach effort and moral values theme pays off
for Bush with Hispanics --
Nov. 3, 2004 FOX News
Election Reinforces USAs Religious Schism
-- Nov. 4, 2004 USA Today
'It's a Victory for People Like Us' Bush Emphasis
on Values Drew Ohio Evangelicals

-- Nov. 5, 2004 Washington Post
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2004 Election Poll Data
Which One Issue Mattered Most in Deciding How You Voted for President? (Check only one) Kerry Kerry Bush Nader
TaxesPercentage of Electorate 5 43 57 57 0
EducationPercentage of Electorate 4 73 26 26 --
IraqPercentage of Electorate 15 73 26 26 0
TerrorismPercentage of Electorate 19 14 86 86 0
Economy/JobsPercentage of Electorate 20 80 18 18 0
Moral ValuesPercentage of Electorate 22 18 80 80 1
Health CarePercentage of Electorate 8 77 23 23 --
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2004 Election Poll Data
Attend Religious Services Kerry Bush Nader
More Than Once a WeekPercentage of Electorate 16 35 64 1
Once a WeekPercentage of Electorate 26 41 58 0
A Few Times a MonthPercentage of Electorate 14 49 50 --
A Few Times a YearPercentage of Electorate 28 54 45 0
NeverPercentage of Electorate 15 62 36 1
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A New Style Of Govt

• Jefferson tried to cutback on government
• He appealed to the common man (even wearing
  slippers and work clothes in the office!)
• He reduced the size of the army
• Halted an expansion of the navy
• Cut back on costs of govt social functions

http//www.netaonline.org/JeffersonAtDesk.jpg
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Significance

• First party overturn in history of the country
• Significance demonstrated the efficacy of a
  two-party system

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Significance

• Jefferson surprisingly kept most of Hamiltons
  Financial Plan intact
• Kept most of govt officials
• Did get rid of excise tax
• Kept the B-FAT
• As a president, Jefferson is pragmatist rather
  than an idealist
• Alien and Sedition Act expires
• Congress enacted new naturalization law
• Succeeded in cutting natl debt and balancing
  budget by cutting govt spending.
• Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin
• govt that governs least, governs best
• Govt for the people

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JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT

• Federalists are very important in the courts
• Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice
  Marshall served for 30 years
• - Marshalls decisions strengthened the
  
• power of SC and of federal
  government
• - he solidified the federalist position in the
  court

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THE MIDNIGHT JUDGES

• As Adams is about to leave office, he pushes
  through Congress the Judiciary Act of 1801
• He adds 16 new federal judges!
• All the new judges are you guessed it
  Federalists. (Adams hopes to influence future
  federal judiciary decisions this way.)
• As he signed their appointments late on his last
  day in office they are called the Midnight Judges.

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JEFFERSONS REACTION TO ADAMS PACKING THE
COURT

• Furious! Jefferson argues that some of the
  documents authorizing the appointments had not
  been delivered by the time Adams left office,
  they were invalid
• THIS LED TO ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT CASES
  OF ALL TIME
• MARBURY v. MADISON

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MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

• This creates the case of
• Marbury v Madison which is one of THE MOST
  IMPORTANT COURT DECISIONS
• in U.S. history
• to-be-judge Wm. Marbury never got his papers from
  J. Madison
• he takes it to court saying the Judiciary Act of
  1789 required those papers to be delivered

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MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

• What did the Court say?
• Did Marbury have the right to the commission?
• Pointing to law passed by Congress which told how
  justices of the peace should be appointed, the
  Court said he did
• 2. Was the govt required to make amends?
• The Court said when govt officials (like
  Madison) hurt people (like Marbury) by neglecting
  their legal duties (such as delivering the
  commission), our laws require that a remedy be
  found
• 3. If the govt was required to make amends, did
  that mean that Madison must be ordered to deliver
  Marburys commission as Marbury had requested?
• Here is the surprise Marshal said YES, a court
  could issue such an order, but NO, this was not
  the right court to issue it
• Why wasnt this the right court to issue it?
  Marbury had taken advantage of a part of the
  Judiciary Act that allowed complaints such as his
  be taken straight to the Supreme Court instead of
  going through the lower courts. Chief Justice
  Marshall, however, said that this law was
  unconstitutional.
• The Constitution does say some cases can go
  straight to the Supreme Court but other cases
  must go through lower courts first.
• It did not matter that Congress had passed a law
  saying something different, because the
  Constitution is a higher law
• When two laws come into conflict, judges must
  obey the higher of them - in this case the
  Constitution

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MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

• In others words The Supreme Court has power to
  rule a law by the Congress unconstitutional -
• Significance established Judicial Review
• Importance contrast w/ Va Ky resolutions which
  claimed states had the right of reviewwhich is
  _______ theory

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Impeachment of Samuel Chase

• Jefferson threatens Supreme Court
• Impeachment voted on by House
• Senate did not impeach
• Henceforth, no attempts to
• reshape the Court by impeachment

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Tripolitan War1801-1805

• Attack by pirates of N. Africa
• Forced to buy protection
• Pasha of Tripoli declared war
• on U.S.
• U.S. Navy led by Stephen Decatur
• mosquito fleet

http//z.about.com/d/africanhistory/1/0/8/2/Tripol
itanWar.jpg
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THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

• 1800, Napoleon persuades Spain to return
  Louisiana to France.
• Spain had gotten it from France in 1762.
• Secret Transfer of Louisiana to France worries
  Jefferson a strong French presence
  mid-continent may force US into an alliance w/ GB
• Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans and western
  Florida from the French

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Lets Make a Deal

• Jefferson sends Monroe to negotiate w/ Napoleon
• Napoleon had tried to reconquer Frances most
  important island colony (Saint Dominque, now
  Haiti), but failed
• So Napoleon wants to sell all of Louisiana!
• Monroe and Livingston (US ambassador to France)
  close the deal for 15,000,000

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Is the purchase constitutional?

• Jefferson actually doubted that the government
  could legally buy Louisiana
• Especially for a strict constructionist since
  no where in the Constitution does it say a
  president can buy land
• It will cost and the debt will rise
• Federalists dislike it b/c new western lands will
  be loyal to the Republicans
• But Senate ratified the treaty.
• Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of
  the US
• Western half of richest river valley in the world
• Guaranteed Mississippi waterway to the Gulf of
  Mexico including N.O.
• Paved the way for expansion
• Ended European expansion in North America
• Avoided war w/ France
• Boosted American natlism

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LEWIS AND CLARK

• The Corps of Discovery Jefferson appoints
  Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the
  new territory
• From St. Louis to the Pacific
• Information about unknown plants and animals
• Learn as much as possible about Native Americans
  as they travel through the region
• 2 years and 4 months resulting in acquisition of
  invaluable info about the western territories
• Sacajawea serves as interpreter and guide

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Burr Conspiracy

• Burr vice president under TJ
• Essex Junto Small group of Federalist extremists
  plotted New Englands secession from the union
  and the creation of a seven-state northern
  confederacy
• Federalist-dominated New England felt threatened
  by Jeffersons political dominance the La.
  Purchase which would lead to western expansion
• Tried to get Hamilton to run for govnor of NY
  then lead the secessionist movt - Hamilton
  refused
• They then turned to Burr
• Hamilton defeated Burr in govnor election
• Burr challenged him to a duel

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Burr Conspiracy

• 1806 Burr tried to separate western part of U.S.
  and unite it w/ to-be-conquered Spanish territory
  west of La. Territory
• Burr supported James Wilkinson, military govnor
  of upper La., who later told Jefferson
• Burr arrested
• John Marshall dropped the case when 2 witnesses
  for govt couldnt be found

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• Jefferson reelected in 1804

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France vs. Britain

• Seas ruled by Britain
• Britain at war w/ France
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
• Br. Commander of the H.M.S. Leopard demanded
  surrender of four alleged Br. Deserters on the
  U.S.S. Chesapeake - American capt refused
• Leopard fired at the Chesapeake 3 dead 18
  wounded
• American reaction was the most hostile since the
  XYZ Affair (Br. admitted its error)
• Jefferson called for action
• Forbade Br. Ships to dock at American ports
• Ordered st. govnor to bring up militia

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Embargo Act 1807

• Forbade export of all goods from the U.S.
• Force Br. And Fr to respect its rights
• Loose construction of the Constitution
• Congress power to regulate commerce meant it
  could stop exports
• Undermined Jeffersons states rights theory

It was a disaster! 1807 U.S. exports 108
million 1808 U.S. exports 22 million
NE trade most affected Mounds of goods unsold in
South Jefferson gets Congress to pass tougher
laws - NE thinks secession
Repealed 1809
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Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

• Replaced Embargo Act
• Reopened trade with all nations of the world
  except Fr and Br
• Remain U.S. policy until 1812

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Why did the Embargo fail?-He underestimated
Br.(Order in Council)- Napoleon could afford to
ignore the American trade (seized ships)-
Difficult to enforce - costly, smugglingWhy
Should You Care?Shipping tied up and imported
goods scarce, New England reopened old
factories.Real foundations of modern industrial
industry were laidWeakened Jeffersons party
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Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

• Jeffersons legacy Presidency
• Peaceful transfer of power 1801
• Maintained many Federal programs Natl bank,
  tariffs, funding at par, kept most public
  servants
• Reversed excise tax, pardoned martyrs from
  Sedition act, new naturalization law, reduced
  debt, balanced budget
• Supreme Court
• Marbury v. Madison
• Impeachment of Chase
• 5. Expansion Louisiana Purchase
• 6. Tripolitan Wars
• 7. Embargo Act
• 8. father of the 2-term presidency

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Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

• Jeffersons legacy Expansionism
• Expansionism becomes prime goal of Jeffersonians
• Federalist like expansion too but
• In Old Northwest not the South
• Northwest not subdued until Battle of Fallen
  Timbers 1794
• Southern conquest difficult b/c Spanish presence
• La. Purchase changed all of that
• Historically stunning achievement - no society
  ever had indefinite expansion and hemisphere
  supremacy w/out building strong centralized state
  (big armies, big navies, big taxation)

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Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

• Jeffersons legacy Expansionism
• Hard side of Expansionism
• Removal of Amerindians, blacks, Spanish in
  Florida
• Empire for liberty was for whites only
• 2. Barbary Wars - attempt to expand agriculture
  empire

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Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

• Jeffersons legacy Democratic non-aristocratic
  govt
• Govt that governs least, govns best
• Lower debt, promote states rights
• 2. Feared more than 2 presidential terms might
  lead to dictatorship
• 3. Retained faith in democracy and common people

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Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

• Jeffersons legacy Total defeat of Federalists
  by 1816
• High Federalists had been moving towards
  creation of European style aristocracy through
  creation of standing army and govt suppression
  of political opponents
• Most high-ranking officers were Federalists
• Burr tried to get ranking officer James
  Wilkinson, to support secession of western
  territory
• 2. The military victory in 1807 against Barbary
  pirates and in Europe meant officer corps became
  loyal to Jerrersonians

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Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

• Jeffersons legacy Kept the country out of
  damaging European war
• War of 1812 not until late in Madisons terms

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Thomas Jefferson Memory Aid Jeffersonian
DemocracyG I HATE LAMB

• G allatin- secretary of the treasury who
  reduced the natl debt
• I mpeachment of Samuel Chase
• H amiltons plan kept by Jefferson (except excise
  tax)
• A agrarian empire (westward expansion)
• T ripolitan War
• E embargo Act, 1807
• L ouisiana Purchase 1803
• A rmy reduced in size (Federalist lose major
  center of power)
• M arbury v. Madison 1803
• B urr Conspiracies (1804 in NY, 1806 in the West)

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Jefferson Essays

1. To what extent were the Jeffersonians successful
   in achieving their goals b/w 1801-1809?
2. To what extent did President Jefferson stay true
   to the ideals he held in 1790?
3. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and
   foreign in issues during 1801 and 1809.
4. By 1809, which partys goals had prevailed in
   American politics the Federalists or the
   Democratic -Republicans?
5. To what extent and in what ways was Jeffersons
   expansionist policies successful?

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Presidential Election of 1808
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James Madison Becomes President
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Dolly Madison
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Madison and War of 1812

• To be continued