Blood and Immunity

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Blood and Immunity
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I. Blood

• Is the liquid tissue of transport in humans
• Average human has 5-6 liters of blood
• Blood is composed of
• red blood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets
• plasma

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Blood serves as a transport medium that helps to
maintain homeostasis for all cells of the body.

• Ex hormones are secreted into blood to help
  regulate certain activities in the body.

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(A) Plasma

• Consists of 90 water
• Plasma contains
• proteins antibodies
• nutrients enzymes
• hormones clotting factors

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(B) Red Blood Cells

• Also known as Erythrocytes.
• 30 trillion red blood cells in human body.
• Transports O2 from lungs to body tissue (cells).
• Transports CO2 to the lungs from the body tissue.
  
• Lack a nuclei when mature.
• Contain hemoglobin.

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(C) White Blood Cells

• Also known as Leukocytes.
• 60 billion white blood cells in the body.
• WBCs are larger than RBCs
• WBCs contain a nucleus.
• Main purpose is to fight off disease.

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Types of White Blood Cells

• Phagocytes
• Lymphocytes

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Phagocytes

• Engulf and destroy bacteria at the site of
  infection by the process of phagocytosis.
• This is the normal defense against disease for
  the body.

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Lymphocytes

• Produce antibodies which act against foreign
  molecules known as antigens.
• An antigen-antibody reaction is referred to as an
• immune response

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(D) Platelets

• Are smaller than RBCs and WBCs.
• Play a key role in blood clot formation.
• 1.5 trillion platelets in the blood.

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III. Diseases

• Is any condition that prevents the body from
  working as it should.
• As a result the body may fail in maintaining
  homeostasis.

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Diseases in Humans may result from

• 1. Pathogens
• 2. Inheritance
• 3. Microorganisms
• 4. Pollutants
• 5. Organ Malfunction
• 6. Harmful Lifestyle

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1. Pathogens

• Are potentially dangerous disease-causing
  organisms in the air, water and food we take in
  every day.
• Ex viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

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2. Inheritance

• Defective genetic traits can be passed from
  parent to offspring.
• Ex Sickle-cell anemia
• - in this disease the hemoglobin is
  flawed and as a result the red blood cells may
  get twisted and out of shape. The red blood
  cells cannot carry oxygen in this state.

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3. Microorganisms

• Microorganisms that cause disease include certain
  fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.
• Some diseases caused by microorganisms may be
  passed from one person to another.
• Therefore, these diseases are known as infectious
  diseases.

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4. Pollutants

• Are chemical agents present in the environment
  that may upset the bodys normal functioning and
  produce disease.
• Ex Asbestos
  
• PCBs

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5. Organ Malfunction

• Diseases may develop when one or more of the
  bodys organs malfunction.
• Ex Kidney failure
• - The kidneys no longer filter the
  blood to remove toxins. As a result, a Dialysis
  machine is used.

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6. Harmful Lifestyles

• The way one lives can be an important factor in
  causing disease.
• Ex tobacco
• alcohol
• drugs
• unsafe sexual experiences

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IV. Immune System

• Defends our bodies against invaders.
• Each invader, usually a bacterium or virus, has a
  specific protein molecule attached to its surface
  called an antigen.
• When the immune system detects an antigen, it
  produces antibodies that bind to the antigen.
• The antibody then destroys the antigen.

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Active Immunity

• Results when antibodies are produced by the body
  in response to a foreign substance (antigen) in
  the body.
• Ex A person gets chicken pox
• 1. Antibodies are produced by the body
  (lymphocytes) to fight the disease-causing
  organism (antigen).
• 2. After the illness is over, antibodies
  against the disease remain in the blood and
  protect against re-infection.

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Passive Immunity

• Develops when an individual receives antibodies
  from an outside source (medication).
• This provides temporary immunity to a particular
  disease.
• However, the borrowed antibodies are gradually
  destroyed and the immunity they provide ends.

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• Vaccinations- Scientists have developed vaccines
  by using weakened pathogens to stimulate the
  immune system to react.
• Antibiotics- Chemicals produced outside the human
  body, usually by fungi, that can be given to a
  person to kill the bacteria causing an infection

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A Closer LookAtWhite Blood Cells
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B-cells

• Respond to specific antigens by producing
  antibodies that will bind only to the antigen.
• Memory B cells remain in the body in case you
  encounter the same invading microorganism again.
  
• This is why you usually only get chicken pox once
  (active immunity)

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Killer T-cells

• Detect infected cells with the antigen in it.
• The killer T-cells attach to the cell membrane of
  your infected body cell.
• It then punches holes into the membrane of the
  infected cell, injecting poison into it.
• As a result, the infected cells are killed and
  the invaders in these cells are destroyed.

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Helper T-cells

• Assist both B-cells and Killer T-cells.
• Without Helper T-cells, the immune system cannot
  do its job effectively.
• Helper T-cells are destroyed by the human
  immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which results in
  the disease called AIDS.

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V. Diseases of the

• Immune System

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Allergic Reactions

• Results from the over activity of the immune
  system to common substances such as dust, mold,
  pollen, or certain foods.
• The immune system begins to make antibodies,
  which causes the body to release substances,
  including histamines.
• This causes many allergic reactions such as
  extra fluid in nasal pathways, difficulty
  breathing, and hives (inflammation).
• Allergies are treated with antihistamines which
  are drugs that stop the release of histamine.

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Dust Mite

• Living in rugs and furniture, these tiny
  arthropods can cause major problems if you are
  allergic.

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Autoimmune Diseases

• Results from when the immune system begins to
  attack normal body tissue.
• The body is literally rejecting its own tissue.
• Ex Rheumatic fever
• Lupus

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Immunodeficiency Diseases

• Ex AIDS (Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome)
• Develops when the HIV virus destroys the Helper
  T-cells and the body is no longer able to protect
  itself from diseases that may attack it.

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VI. Disorders of Blood
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Anemia

• A condition in which blood cannot carry
  sufficient amounts of oxygen to body cells.
• This is due to reduced amounts of hemoglobin
  and/or red blood cells.

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Leukemia

• A form of cancer in which the bone marrow
  produces non-functional white blood cells.

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VII. Blood Types
Blood Type Antigen Antibodies
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
AB A and B none
O none anti-A and anti-B
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Transfusion- when a person receives blood from an
outside source
Donor (donates blood) Recipient (receives blood)
type O type O
type A or O type A
type B or O type B
type A, B, AB, or O type AB
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• Keep in mind
• The person receiving the blood, look at the
  antibody for their blood type and the person
  donating the blood, look at the antigen for
  their blood type.
• Type O- universal donor
• Type AB- universal recipient

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VIII. Human

• Lymphatic System

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Intercellular Fluid

• All cells of the body are bathed in a colorless,
  watery fluid called intercellular fluid (ICF).
• All substances exchanged between the blood and
  the body cells must diffuse through the ICF.
• Excess ICF is drained from the tissues by vessels
  of the lymphatic system.

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Lymphatic System

1. Excess ICF is returned back to the blood by a
   system of vessels called the lymphatic system..
2. Tiny lymph vessels are present in all body tissue.

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• 3. Excess ICF diffuses into lymph vessels and is
  now called lymph.
• 4. These small lymph vessels join larger lymph
  vessels and ultimately join into the thoracic
  duct, which is the largest lymphatic vessel in
  the body.

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1. Lymph from the thoracic duct is emptied into a
   large vein in the neck.
2. It is in this way that fluid lost from the blood
   is returned to the blood.
3. Lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine
   are called lacteals.

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• 8. Major lymph vessels have enlarged regions
  called lymph nodes in which lymphocytes (WBCs)
  destroy bacteria and other foreign substances
  from the lymph before the fluid is returned back
  into the blood.