Management Information Systems

1
Chapter 15
Acquiring IT Applications and Infrastructure
Information Technology For Management 5th
Edition Turban, McLean, Wetherbe Lecture Slides
by A. Lekacos, Stony Brook University John
Wiley Sons, Inc.
2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• ??????????????????????? ???? ????? IT
• ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????? IT
  
• ???????????????? ? ??????????? IT
  ???????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????? ASP
• ?????????????????????????? vendor ??? software
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  IT ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?
  ??? business partners.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ???????????????????? IT ??????????????????????????
  ?BPR, ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ???????????

3
How Sterngold acquired an e-commerce system

• Problem
• ?????? Sterngold ????????????????????? (dental
  material) ??????? 4,000 ??????????????????????
  350,000-400,000 dental professionals ???
  ?????????????????? 5 ???? dental professional
• ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• Sterngold ???????????????????? online
  ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????? ???????? Website
  ???????? ??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? 1) ????? EC ??? ????
  2) ?? Outsource ?????????

4

• Solution
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????
• ??????????????? IT ?????????? ????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????? IT ??????????????
  ?????????????? Outsourcing
• ?????????????????????????????? ??? Outsourcing
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ???????????????? Sterngold ???????????????
  Surebridge

5

• Process
• Surebridge ???????????????????? ??????
  eMethodology ?????????? ??????????????
  ??????????????????????????????? Sterngold
  ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????? Goal ?????????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?????????? ????????????????? Web ???????????????
• ???????????? ???????????? architecture
  ????????????? front-end (????????????? 1) ???
  back-end (???????????? 2 ???) ???????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? 3 ????? ????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????
  ????????????????????? Ordering System
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????

6

• Results
• ???????????????????????? ??????????? ????
  ?????????????????????????????? ?? Real-time
  inventory status ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? log-in
  ???????????????????????????? ???????
• ?? 2004 ?????????????? E-business
  ????????????????
• ?????? Offer free shipping
• ?? Product ??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ???? ?? Fax, Mail
• ????? Business partner ?????????? ???
  ???????????????????

7
15.1 The landscape and framework of IT
Application Acquisition

• ??????? ?????????????????? Information system
  acquisition
• ????? acquisition ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????
  ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????
  ?????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????
  ?????????????? IT ?????? ???? ???????????????????
  ????????????????????????
• ?????????????? ????????????????????
  (??????????????????????????) ??????????? ???????
  ???? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????

8
(No Transcript)
9
The IT Acquisition Process

• ??????????????? IT Application ???????????
  ???????????? 5 ??????? ??????
• ?????????? 1 ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
• Application ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ???
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ?????????? 2 ???????????????????? IT
  ??????????????? systems analysis
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  (??????????????? TG)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ???? Steering Committee
  ?????????????????????????????????? ???
  ??????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????????????
  ????????? (?????????????????) ????????????
  ???????????? ????????????

10

• ?????????? 3 ????????????????????????????????
  application ?????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????? (??????????????????)
• ???? application ????? ??????????? (?????????????
  ???? ????????????)
• ?????????????????????? Applications Service
  Provider (ASP) ???? Utility Computing
• ?????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????
  ??
• ??????? e-marketplace ???? E-Exchange ????
  ??????? third party auction ???? reverse auction
• ????????????????????????

11

• ?????????? 4 ??????? ????????? ??? ?????
  ????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? intranet extranet database ??? application
  ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ??????
• ???????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ???????
  ???????????????????????? ??? ????? ?????????????
• ?????????? 5 ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????

12
Managing the Development Process
13
15.2 Identifying, Justifying and Planning
Information System Applications (Step1)

• ????? 13 ?????????????????????????? IT ???????
  macro ????????? ??? ???????????????????? IT
  ??????????????????????????????????? specific
  application ???? specific infrastructure
  ????????????????????????????????? application????
• ??????????????? IT at Work 15.1 Web services get
  swedish banking applications talking to each
  other page 598
• ????????????????? High payoff Projects
• ?????? Project Justification (????????????????????
  ?? 14)
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? ? ??????????
  Specific Application (????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? Application ???? ?)
  ???????????? Systematic way (Technology Guide)
  ?????????????????? Planning for the specific
  application

14
15.3 Acquiring IT Application Available Options
(Step 3)

• ???????? 3 ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????????
• ??????????? 1 ???? Application ??????????????

15
 Acquiring IT Applications ??????????? 2- Lease
the application
Types of Leasing Vendors ??????? application
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???
application system provider (ASP)
?????????????????????????????? Utility Computing
???? On-demand computing ???????
?????????????????????????? ???????????????
Computing power ??? Storage Capacity ???????????
(????????) ???????????????????????????(pay-per-use
)
16
Acquiring IT Applications Option 2 - Lease-
Utility Computing

• Utility Computing ?????????????????????????? 3
  ??????
• Policy-based service-level-management tools
• Policy-based resource-management tools
• Virtualization tools

17
Acquiring IT Applications ??????????? 3
Development In-House

• In-House Development Approaches
  ???????????????????????
• Build from Scratch ??????????????? application
  ????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????????????????
  ????? (??????? ??????????????? ???????????????????
  ???? ????????????? ?????????????????)
• Build from components ??????????? experienced IT
  staff ??????????????????????? ???(??????????)?????
  (???? secure Web server) ???????????????? ( ????
  Java Visual basic ???? Perl) ??? third-party
  subroutines ????????????????? application
  ????????????????
• Integrating application ???????? IT application
  ??????? ? business partner ???????????
  ???????????? Web services, Enterprise Application
  Integration (EIA)

18
Methods Used in In-house Development

• ?????????? ???????? application
  ????????????????????????? ????????????
• System development life Cycle (SDLC)
  (??????????????)
• Prototyping methodology ??????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????
  ????? 1) ???? (??????????????????????) 2) ???
  ????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????
  ??? Application

19
End-User Development

• ???????????????? (end-user) ??????????????????????
  (????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????) ???? ????????????????? Web
  ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????
  ????????? ???
• 1) ?????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????
  ??????
• 2) ?????????????????????????????????? (????
  ????????????????????????????????)
• 3) ????????????????????????????????? (????
  ????????? ????????????????)
• ??????????????? IT at Work 15.2 End-User
  Development Using Wikis page 602

20
Other acquisition options

• ??????????????????????????????????/???????????????
  ?????????? ????
• 1) ??????? e-marketplace ???? E-Exchange
• 2) ??????? third party auction ???? reverse
  auction
• 3) ?????????????????? joint ventures
• 4) ??????? public exchange ???? consortium
• 5) ????????????????????????

21
15.4 Outsourcing and Application Service Providers

• Outsourcing
• Outsourcing ??????? ?????? outside contractors
  ???? external organizations ??????????????????????
  ????? IT ??????????????????
• ?? vendor ?????????? ??????????????????????
  ????????? ??????????? IT ??????????
  ???????????????????????? e-commerce ????
• Software houses
• Outsourcers and others
• Telecommunications companies
• ???????????????????????????????????? IT
  outsourcing ????????? application service provider

22

• Application Service Providers (ASP)
• Application Service Providers ??????? Agent ????
  vendor ??????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ? ??????????????????????? outsourced development,
  operations, maintenance, ??? other services ????
  ????????????? ????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????????? ????
• An important variation of leasing and ASP is
  Utility computing?????????????????????????

23
Additional criteria for selecting an ASP vendor

• ?????????????? ASP ???????????????????????????
• 1) ????????????????????? portability
  ??????????????????????
• 2) ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????? Server ???? ????
  ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????
• 3) ????????????????????? ??????????????????
• 4) ??????????????????????????????? ???? ???????
  ????????????????
• 5) ?????????????????????????? (integration) ????
  ERP, CRM ???????????? ?????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????

24
Benefits and risks of using an ASP
25
15.5 Vendor and software selection and other
implementation issues
26
Vendor and Software Selection
27

• Martin et al. (2000) ?????????????? 6 ???????
  ?????????? software vendor ??? application
  package.
• ?????????? 1 ???????????? criteria ???
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ?????????? 2 ?????? potential vendors
• ?????????? 3 ????? evaluation criteria
• ?????????? 4 ??????? vendors ??? packages
• ?????????? 5 ????? vendor ??? package
• ?????????? 6 ????????????

28
Other Implementation Issues

• ????????????????????????????????????????
• In-house ???? outsource Web site
• ???????????????? ASP
• ????????????????????????? IT architecture
• ???????????????????????
• ???????Evaluate the alternatives to in-house
  systems development

29
15.6 Connecting to Databases and Business
Partners Integration (Step 4)

• EC application ?????????????????? internal
  information systems, infrastructure, ERP, ???
  ?????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? integration. ????
• ????????????????????????????? ? (connecting to
  database)
• ??????????????????????????????? (connecting to
  back-end systems)
• ???????????????? Business Partner ???? ?
  (connecting to business partner)
• ??????????????? IT at Work 15.3 Lincoln
  Financial excels by using Web services, page 610

30
Connecting to business partners
31
15.7) Business Process Redesign (BPR)
?????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????
??? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
??? ???????????? ????????????? ? ????
??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????
????????? (business process redesign)
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
Adding commercial software Restructuring or
eliminating old processes prior to
automation Need for information
integration Reducing cycle time Need for
customization Streamlining the supply chain
Improving customer service and implementing CRM

32

• Participating in private or public e-marketplaces
• Conducting e-procurement
• Enabling direct online marketing
• Transforming to e-business
• Business process ?????????????????????????????????
  ?? ? ????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????
  ?????????????????????????

33
Methodologies for Restructuring
BPR
Business process redesign ???????????????????
business process reengineering ???????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?? (?????????????) ???????????????????????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????
??????????????????
BPM
???????????????????????????????????? (Business
process management (BPM) ??????????????????????
(workflow system) ???????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???
?????????????? people-to-people,
systems-to-systems, ??? systems-to-people
????????????????? workflow, process management,
??? applications ???????????
34
The Role of IT in Business Process Redesign (BPR)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ???????????????
???????????????? recognize powerful redesign
solutions ???????????????????????????????BPR
?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
?????????? ? ??????????????? IT ????? redesigning
business processes ??????????????????????

• Integrating fragmented information systems
• Employing data warehouses
• Implementing an extended supply chain
• Utilizing B2B e-marketplaces
• Providing a single point of contact for customers

Redesign of business processes ???????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
organizational information systems
???????????????????? retooling
35
IT Software for Business Process Redesign
????????????????? IT ?????????????????????????????
????????????? BPR ?????????? ?????????????????????
????????????? BPR ???????????????????????????? ?
??

• ??????????????????????????????????BPR
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????????????????
• ???????????????? ?
• ?????????????????
• ????????
• ????
• ????????????? ?
• BPR software ????????????????????? what-if
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????

36
Restructuring Processes and OrganizationsRestruct
uring Processes
????????????? ????????????????????
??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
?????????????????supply chains.

• Efficient PO, to AP to Receiving system the
  classical 3-Way Match
• Cross-docking, movement of just received
  merchandise to out going loading platforms
• Mass Customization, maintaining Work-In-Process
  inventory
• Cycle Time reduction, the time it takes to
  complete a process from beginning to end
• Vendor managed inventory
• Mobile devices
• Many more

37
Restructuring the Whole Organization
????????????????????????????????????????? ???
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????

• Thick (many levels) hierarchical structure
• Thin (single level) structure
• Network structure
• Virtual Network structure or organization

Why is an efficient Structure important?

1. Management suited to strategy
2. Better response to Opportunities and Threats
3. Higher morale
4. Developing Culture
5. Control

38
Business Process Redesign (BPR) Change Management
?????????????????????????????? ????
???????????????????? e-business ??????? ?????????
???????? organization transformation
????????????????????????????????????????????????(c
hange management)

• Organization transformation ??????? ?????????????
  ?????? business processes, structure, strategy,
  ??? procedures ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????
• Change Management ??????? ??????????
  ?????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????
  ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ?
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????

39
MANAGERIAL ISSUES

• Importance.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• Ethical and legal issues.
• ?????????????????????? ??????????
  ???????????????????????????????????? ?
  ????????????????????? ? ??????????????
• User involvement.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?(??????????) ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????

40
MANAGERIAL ISSUES

• Quality assurance vs. schedules.
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ????????? worse schedule, cost, ??? morale
  problems. ???????????????????? ISO 9000 standards
  
• Behavior problems.
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????.
• Integration
• ???????? IT ????????????????????????? BPR
  ??????????????? supply chain management (SCM)
  ???/???? BPR projects ????????? IT
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ???????????? ???????? IT
  SCM ??? BPR ??????????????

41
MANAGERIAL ISSUES Continued

• Perpetual development.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ??? ?????????????????
• Risk level.
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ???????????????????? ????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
• Business process redesign.
• Business process redesign ????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? IT ?????????????? ?
  ????????????????????????????? BPR ??????? BPM.

42
MANAGERIAL ISSUES Continued

• Structural changes.
• IT ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????? (????
  ????? case managers ??? interdisciplinary teams)
  ?????????????????? ?????????? ? ???????????
  ????????????????????????????????????? ???
  ???????????
• Ethical and legal issues.
• Conducting interviews for finding managers needs
  and requirements must be done with full
  cooperation. Measures to protect privacy must be
  taken. In designing systems one should consider
  the people in the system. Reengineering IT means
  that some employees will have to completely
  reengineer themselves. Some may feel too old to
  do so. Conducting a supply chain or business
  process reorganization may result in the need to
  lay off, retrain, or transfer employees. Should
  management notify the employees in advance
  regarding such possibilities? And what about
  those older employees who may be difficult to
  retrain?

43
??????????? 15

• ???????????????.

44
Overview of SDLC

• Systems development life cycle (SDLC) ???
  ?????????????????????????? (structured framework)
  ????????? IT project ?????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????? ?????
  (sequential processes) ???????????????????????????
  ? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????????? 8
  ??????? ????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  Waterfall approach ??????? ????? SDLC
  ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????????
  ?????????????????????????? ??????????????
• ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ????? ??????????????????????
  ??? ???????????????????

45
An eight- stage system development life cycle
(SDLC)
46

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ?????????? ??????
  ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????
  ???????????? ???????????????
• Systems analysts. ??? IS ?????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? information systems.
• Programmers. ??? IS ????????????????/?????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????
  ?
• Technical specialist ?????????????????????????????
  ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????????????????
  
• Systems stakeholders ?????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ????????????

47

1) Systems investigation

• Systems investigation ????????? business problem
  (???? business opportunity) ?????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ???????????????? (supplier ???
  customer) ?????????????????????????? ?????????
  ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????
• ??????????? systems investigation ???
  ????????????????????? (feasibility study)
  ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ???? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ??????

48

Feasibility study

• ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????
• Technical feasibility ?????????????????
  ????????????????? hardware, software ???
  communications ?????????? ???/???? ??????????????
  ????????????????? ?????????
• Economic feasibility ????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? financial risk
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ???
• ?) Return on investment (ROI) ??? ????????????
  net income attributable to a project ???????
  average assets invested in the project.

49

Economic feasibility

• ?) Net present value (NPV) ??????? net amount
  ???? project benefits exceed project costs of
  capital ??? time value of money.
• ?) Breakeven analysis ???????????????????
  cumulative cash flow ????????????????
  ???????????? ??????????????????????
• Organizational feasibility ???????
  ???????????????????????? access ???????
  ????????????????
• Behavioural feasibility ??????? ?????????????????
  human issues ????????????? ????????????????
  ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ????? ???????????????????????????

50
2) Systems analysis

• System Analysis ??? ?????????? business problem
  ????????????????????????? ???????????????
  ???????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????
  ???????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ???????? ??????
• ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ??????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????

51

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  (??????????????????????? ?????????)
• ??????????????????????????????? (poorly defined)
• ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????? (???????????????????
  ) ??????????????????????? ???????????? ????
  ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ????
  ????????????????????????????????? ????
  ????????????????

52

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????
• ??????????????????????????????????????

53
3) Systems design

• System analysis ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? (Systems
  design) ????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ????? ??????????????????? (technical
  design) ???????????????????????????
• ????????/?????????????????? ??????
  ??????????????????????????????????
• Hardware, software, databases, telecommunications,
  personnel ??? procedures
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????? set of
  system specification

54

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????
• ?????????????????????? (Logical system design)
  ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? abstract
  specifications.
• ??????????????????????? (Physical system design)
  ?????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????????
  ??????? ??????????????? actual physical
  specification.

55
4) Programming

• ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? systems design
  specification ?????? computer code.
• ??????????????????? structured programming

56
5) Testing

• ???????? (Testing) ???????????????? computer code
  ???????????????????????? ??????? ????????????
  ???????????????????????????? (certain conditions)
  
• ???????? ??????????????????????????????? (bugs)
  ?? computer code ????????????????
  ????????????????? ??? Syntax errors ( ????
  ????????? ?????? comma ???????) ??? logic errors
  (??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????)

57
6) Implementation

• Implementation ???? deployment ???
  ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  parallel, direct , pilot ??? phased.
• Parallel conversion ??????? Implementation
  process ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• Direct conversion ??????? Implementation process
  ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????
  ??????????????????????
• Pilot conversion ??????? Implementation process
  ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????
  (???? ??????????????????????)?????????????????
  ???????????? ????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????

58
Implementation cont

• Phased conversion ??????? Implementation process
  ????????????????????????? ???? (phase)
  ???????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ?????????????????

59
7) Operation and 8) maintenance

• ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????
  ?
• ???????? (Debugging) ????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ??????????
• ????????????????? (Updating) ???????
  ??????????????????????????? ??????????????
  business condition ?????
• ????????????? (Maintenance) ?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ???????????? new
  features ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ???

60
Alternative methods and tools for systems
development

• ??????????? (Prototyping)
• ???????????????????????????????????? (Joint
  application design (JAD))
• ????????????????????????????? (Rapid application
  development (RAD))
• ?????????????? Object- oriented
• ??????????? ?

61
Alternative methods cont

• Prototyping ?????????????????? initial list
  ??????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????
• Joint application design (JAD) ???????????????????
  ????? (group based tool) ?????????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• Rapid application development (RAD)
  ????????????????????????????????????????? ???
  ???????????? (?????????????????????)
  ?????????????????????????????????????

62
Rapid prototype development process
63
Alternative methods cont

• Integrated Computer-Assisted Software Engineering
  Tools
• ?) Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
  ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????????? SDLC ???????????? ??? upper CASE
  tools ?????? ?????? SDLC ?????????????????????????
  ???? SDLC ??? lower case tools ??????
  ??????????????
• ?) Integrated Computer Assisted software
  Engineering (ICASE) Tools ???? CASE tools
  ????????????????????? (link) ??????? upper CASE
  ??? lower CASE tools
• Object- oriented development ?????????????????????
  ??????????????? (???????? ??????????????)
  ???????????????????????????????????????

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Component-based development (CBD) and web service

• Component-based development (CBD) ?????????????
  pre-programmed components ?????????? application
• Web service ?????????????? ???? Web ???
  Self-contained, self-describing business ?????
  consumer modular application ??????, delivered
  over the Internet, ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ???????????

65
Web services advantages and limitations
Advantage Disadvantage
Greater interoperability and lower costs due to universal, open, text-based standards Standards still being defined
Enable software running on different platforms to communicate with each other Require programming skill to implement
Promote modular programming and reuse of existing software. Security applications may be able to bypass security barriers
Operate on existing Infrastructure, so are easy and inexpensive to implement.
Can be implemented incrementally
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E-Business Application Development
?????????????????? business models ???
applications ??????????????????????? ?
???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????

• ???????????????????????? e-business (e-biz)
  applications
• ??????? (Buying) ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????? (Leasing) ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????? (Develop in-house)
• ??????????????????????? (Build from scratch)
• ????????????????????????????? (Build from
  components)
• ?????????????????????????????????? (Enterprise
  application integration)