Ancient Rome

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AncientRome
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Vocabulary Terms- Ancient Rome

1. Define the following terms republic, patricians,
   consuls, dictator, plebeians, tribunes, veto,
   legion, imperialism, latifudia, census, satirize,
   mosaic, engineering, aqueducts, messiah, clergy,
   bishop, patriarch, popes, heresies, inflation,
   mercenaries
2. Locate and identify on a map - Rome, Carthage,
   Alps, Rhine River, Tiber River, Po River,
   Danube River, Rubicon River, Adriatic Sea,
   Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea, Sardinia, Corsica,
   and Sicily

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Map of the Mediterranean Region
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• Be able to identify and discuss the following
  people, events, places, and ideas
• Etruscans, Latins, Carthage, Punic Wars,
  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, Julius Caesar,
  Augustus, Hadrian, Pax Romana, Virgil and the
  Aeneid, Ptolemy, Jesus of Nazareth, apostles,
  Paul, Augustine, Diocletian, Constantine,
  Constantinople, Huns, Germanic tribes (Visigoths,
  Ostrogoths)

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Seven Hills of Rome
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• Ancient Rome
• Geography
• Advantages
• Origins of the Roman people and their influences
  on Roman society and culture
• Latins
• Greeks
• Etruscans

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The Etruscans
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Toga- Etruscans
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Emblem of the Spanish Civil Guard
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Fasces
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Roman Society

• Patricians (from the Latin patres, or father)
• Plebeians (Latin for multitude)
• women, children, and slaves ?
• Roman society was patriarchal.

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Roman Virtus

• pietas
• fides
• gravitas
• dignitas
• constantia
• These virtues were taught to young Romans.

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• Chronology
• The Legendary Founding of Rome is 753 B.C.
• Period of Monarchy 753 B.C. - 509 B.C.
• Period of the Republic 509 B.C. c. 27 B.C.
• Imperial Period c. 27 B.C. - 476 A.D.

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Romulus and Remus
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Romulus and Remus (2m50s)
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• Period of the Roman Republic (c.509-27 B.C.)
• The Roman Republic
• In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew the last
  Etruscan king and established a republic.
• republic (res publica)
• How does a democracy differ from a republic?
• Composition
• Senate (300 patricians)
• Consuls (2 with limited terms and the power to
  veto)
• Plebeians?
• dictators?
• 
  Cincinnatus

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• Political Rights for the Plebeians
• What was the difference between patricians and
  plebeians?
• Why were the plebeians important to Rome?
• 471 B.C., the Council of Plebs was created
• tribunes
• 287 B.C., the Council of Plebs could pass laws
  that applied to all
• Romans
• Plebeians and the Law?
• 450 B.C., Twelve Tables
• (written code of laws)

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• Romes Early Expansion
• By 338 B.C., Rome subdued all of the Latin states
  in its surrounding area.
• The Greeks in southern Italy were defeated, and
  the Romans acquired virtually all of Italy by 264
  B.C.

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• Why was Rome successful?
• Romes early success was a credit to its
  diplomacy and efficient and effective military
• The Roman Confederation
• some conquered peoples were
• given full citizenship most became
• allies
• allies administered their own
• affairs but provided tribute and soldiers
• to Rome
• Loyal allies could become Roman citizens

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Further Expansion- The Punic Wars
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• Punic Wars
• The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts
  between Carthage and Rome over control of trade
  in the Mediterranean Sea.
• First Punic War (264 -241 B.C.)
• Roman army sent to Sicily
• Carthage (Punicus)
• Development of the Roman navy
• Victory for the Romans
• Carthage vowed revenge

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Rome vs. Carthage
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• Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.)
• Carthaginian general- Hannibal
• Attacked Rome by land by crossing the Alps
• 46,000 men
• 37 battle elephants
• Horses
• Battle at Cannae (216 B.C.)- Roman defeat
• By 206 B.C. Carthaginians removed from Spain
• Romes attack on Carthage (Publius Scipio)
• Battle of Zama (202 B.C.)- Roman victory

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• Third Punic War (146 B.C.)
• Rome called for the destruction of Carthage
• Carthage burned
• Carthaginians sold into slavery
• Rome dominant in the Mediterranean Sea

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The Punic Wars (2m54s)
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• While Rome was engaged in the Punic Wars it also
  expanded eastward
• Eastern Mediterranean (230-130 B.C.)
• Mare Nostrum (Latin for our sea)
• Rapid territorial expansion created political,
  social, and economic problems in the Roman
  Republic

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• Crisis in the Roman Republic
• Exploiting the Roman Provinces
• Non-Italian, conquered territories became
  provinces and were required to pay tribute to
  Rome and accept Roman authority
• proconsuls, bribery, and graft (corruption)
• provincial rebellion and the permanent placement
  of soldiers in many provinces

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Latifundia

• Latifundia were large, agricultural estates
  created from conquered territory (provinces).
  Wealthy patricians operated the latifundia.
• Cheap Land (conquered territory)
• Cheap Labor (slaves)
• Cheap Grain
• Who suffered as a result of the Latifundia?
• Who made up the backbone of the Roman army?
• Where did Romans that had been dispossessed of
  their land go?

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• Reformers and Generals
• Reform Attempts
• The Gracchi Brothers (133 B.C.- 121 B.C.)
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Reform-minded aristocrats the senate had
• them killed
• Politics and the Military- Shift in Loyalty
• General Gaius Marius (elected consul 107 B.C.)
• Marius gave army jobs to Romes poor and promised
  them land
• Formation of a professional army loyal to their
  general
• General Lucius Cornelius Sulla (seized Rome in 82
  B.C.)
• Civil War (82 B.C.-31 B.C.)
• Sulla seized power militarily

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• The Collapse of the Republic
• Civil War (82-31 B.C.)
• The First Triumvirate
• Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar (60 B.C.)
• Crassus was killed (53 B.C.) and the Senate
  selected Pompey to rule Rome
• J. Caesar refused to give up his military command
  when the senate demanded it
• Instead, Caesar used his army to defeat Pompey in
  battle and seize power in Rome
• Became dictator in 47 B.C.
• Instituted programs to benefit the poor
• Increased the size of the senate
• A group of senators assassinated him in 44 B.C.

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• The Second Triumvirate formed after Caesars
  death
• Octavian (Caesars adopted son), Marc Antony,
  and Lepidus
• In 31 B.C., Octavian defeated Antony at the
  Battle of Actium, thus began the Age of Augustus
• The Roman senate gave Octavian the title of
  Augustus, the revered one

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• The Roman Empire
• Augustus Caesar-The Age of Augustus 27 B.C.- 14
  A.D.
• Augustus standing army
• Battles with the Germania
• Pax Romana, Roman Peace
• Nero
• The Early Empire 14 A.D. - 180 A.D.
• Augustus successors- Tiberius, Caligula,
  Claudius, and Nero
• The Soldier Emperors, the so-called Good
  Emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
  Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
• commercial expansion, massive engineering feats,
  and more conquests
• Death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D., end of the
  Pax Romana

Marcus Aurelius
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• Rome and Religion
• The traditional Roman religion
• Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and Mars- based on the
  Greek gods
• Emperors considered to be gods
• Romans believed that their success at empire
  building meant the gods favored them
• The Romans were tolerant of other religions
  provided that all recognize the Roman state
  religion also. Problem?
• Judaism is the Roman Empire
• In the first century B.C., Judea became a Roman
  province
• Judaism and monotheism (Rome made an exception)
• high taxes and corruption
• Zealots/rebellion against Rome in 66 A.D.
• Destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem in
  70 A.D.
• Diaspora

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• Christianity from Judaism
• Jesus of Nazareth (c.4 B.C.-29 A.D.)
• Jewish teachings
• The Disciples
• The New Testament and the Gospels
• Saul of Tarsus (Paul)
• The Rise of Christianity
• Reasons for Christianitys growth
• More personal than the Roman religions and
  offered eternal life and salvation (popularity of
  eastern mystery cults)
• Offered immortality through the sacrificial death
  of a savior-god
• Fulfilled the human need to belong
• Christianity prospered in the fourth century A.D.
• Constantine became the first Christian emperor of
  Rome
• Edict of Milan (313 A.D.) Christianity tolerated
  in the empire
• Under Theodosius (395 A.D.), Christianity became
  the state religion of Rome

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The Growth of Christianity
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The Growth of Christianity
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The Growth of Christianity
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ChristianityJohn Greens Crash Course (11m37s)
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• The Decline of the Empire
• Political instability following the death of
  Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D.
• 192-284 A.D. the army installed 28 emperors most
  of them were killed
• Other Significant Problems
• foreign invasion
• (Germanic tribes and Persians)
• disease
• civil war
• economic problems
• Rome began to hire Germanic warriors to serve
  
  as auxiliary troops in the army.

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• Reform Efforts
• Diocletian (284-305 A.D.)
• Enlarged the army
• Divided the empire into two administrative
  sections
• Administering the vast territories of the empire
  had drained Romes treasury
• Strict price and wage controls for the empire
• Edict of Prices- wages were set and so was the
  maximum prices for goods
• Farmers who rented were bound to the land for
  life

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• Constantine (312-337 A.D.)
• Economic policies
• Established a new capital at Byzantium (330 A.D.)
• Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, became the
  center of the Roman Empire in the East (The
  Byzantine empire)
• After Constantines rule, Rome had two capitals,
  Rome in the west and Constantinople in the east.
• Constantine was the first Roman emperor to
  accept Christianity

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• Theodosius the Great (r.337-395 A.D.)
• 395 A.D.- Divided the Roman empire into two
  separate empire.
• Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
• Greek, commercial, Orthodox Christianity
• Roman Empire (Western Roman Empire)
• Latin, agricultural, Catholic Christianity

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• The Fall of the Roman Empire
• The Barbarian Invasions
• Germanic tribes- Visigoths, Ostrogoths,
• Vandals, Franks, Angles, Saxon
• Why did they invade Rome?
• Warmer climates and better land
• Many wanted a share of Romes wealth
• The migration of the Asiatic Huns
• forced the Germanic tribes to press into
• the empire
• Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire A
  New
• History of Rome and the Barbarians (2006)
• Visigoths defeated a Roman army at Adrianople in
  378 A.D.
• 410 A.D. the Visigoths sacked Rome
• 455 A.D. the Vandals attacked Rome
• 476 A.D. the last emperor of the western Roman
  empire, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed

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The Huns
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• Romes Fall in West
• The eastern Roman empire, the Byzantine Empire,
  continued to flourish for 1000 years until the
  fifteenth century A.D.
• The western Roman empire no longer existed as a
  political entity. Instead, it was dismantled and
  became a region of numerous German kingdoms.
• The medieval society that followed the fall of
  Rome blended elements of Roman society (law,
  Latin, Church) with those of the Germanic
  societies (leadership, customs)