The Meeting of Cultures

1
The Meeting of Cultures

• Chapter 1

2
European Exploration

• Indian Ocean
• Ming dynasty 1405-1433
• Continued to be a thriving trade route
• Muslims, Indians, Malays and others
• Europeans insert themselves
• Shift to global economy

3
Motives

• The search for resources (gold), new trade routes
  to Asian Markets, and the desire to spread
  Christianity
• Wanted direct access
• Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453
• Less friendly to European traders

4
Advances in Technology

• Acquisition of technology from China and the
  Muslim world
• Stem-post rudder
• Triangular lateen sails
• Magnetic compass
• Astrolabe

5
Trading Post Empires

• Portugal
• Goal was to control lucrative trade
• By mid-1500s had 50 trading posts from West
  Africa to East Asia
• Late 1500s power began to decline
• Could not sustain the large seaborne empire
• English and the Dutch
• Faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships
• Joint stock companies

6
Native Americans to 1600
7
"Big Picture" Statements

• By 1600 Europeans had created the worlds first
  truly global economy.
• The age of discovery resulted in the greatest
  human catastrophe the world has ever known.
• Cultural differences between European and
  Amerindians were immense major conflict
  occurred in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.
• Relations between the three major colonial powers
  and the Amerindians were varied.
• Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists
  developed experience in, and the expectation of,
  self-government in the political, religious,
  economic, and social aspects of their lives.

8
(No Transcript)
9
Columbian Exchange
Europe to the Americas Americas to Africa, Asia, and Europe
Wheat Maize
Sugarcane Potatoes
Cotton Beans
Horses Tomatoes
Cattle Pepper
Pigs Peanuts
Sheep Avocadoes
Goats Pineapples
Chickens Tobacco

• Global Diffusion
• Spread of disease
• Smallpox
• Food crops and animals
• Role and impact of Silver
• Role and impact of sugar

10
Native Americans (Amerindians)

• Arrived more than 40,000 years ago via Berin
  Strait (called Beringia when it was above land)
• Eventually spread to tip of South America (by
  8,000 BCE)
• New Research
• Old Crow site in Yokon
• 1992 suggests oldest inhabitants mayh have come
  from south Asia or even Europe
• Hundreds of tribes with different languages,
  religions, and cultures

11
Native Americans (Amerindians)

• Developed civilizations
• Incas in Peru
• Mesoamerica Aztecs in Mexico Mayans in Yucatan
• Developed advanced agricultural techniques based
  primarily on corn
• North American Indians generally less developed
• Some agriculture, probably developed by women
• Most societies were matrilineal and matrilocal
• Few cared to acquire more property than could be
  carried
• No individual land ownership

12
Native Americans (Amerindians)

• Civilized societies in North America
• Pueblo Indians
• Mound Builders
• Atlantic seaboard tribes
• Creeks
• Choctaw and Cherokee
• Iroquois

13
Exploration and settlement by France, Holland,
and Spain

• The dynamics of European expansion
• Desire for spices, fabrics, gold (from Africa),
  etc. -- goods not available in Europe
• Desire to break Italian monopoly on trade with
  Europe
• Fall of Constantinople in 1453 makes trade more
  difficult and expensive
• The Renaissance mindset
• New aids to navigation/full-rigged ship with
  stern rudders that can sail into the wind
• National monarchs who see wealth and prestige in
  foreign empires
• Desire of Roman Catholic Church to convert
  natives to the faith
• Colonies fit into increasingly popular
  mercantilist economic policies

14
 Exploration and settlement by France, Holland,
and Spain

• Portugal
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Initially sought coastal points below Sahara
  Desert
• South all-water route to Asia
• Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Pietro Cabral
  Amerigo Vespucci
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Spain
• Claims based on exploration/conquest
• Explorers Columbus, Magellan, Poonce de Leon,
  Juan Cabrillo
• Cuba and other islands in the Caribbean
• Mexico, California, the American Southwest,
  Florida
• Claims along Mississippi overlap those of France

15
 Exploration and settlement by France, Holland,
and Spain

• Spain
• Conquistadores Hernando de Soto, Hernando
  Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Coronado,
• Initial wealth from gold/silver
• Black Legend
• Saint Augustine
• Patterns of settlement
• Immigration to colonies controlled
• Colonial administration in the hands of
  Spanish-born governors
• Creoles (merchants, large landowners, and
  professionals) have little power
• In many areas Indian labor force replaced by
  African slaves

16
 Exploration and settlement by France, Holland,
and Spain

• Spain
• Spain enforces mercantilist policies
• Intercontinental exchange of goods, disease,
  people
• Impact on native people
• Destruction of long-established civilizations in
  the Americas
• Extermination (primarily by disease (Mexico's
  population goes from 25 to 2 million))
• Exploitation through enslavement/forced labor and
  debt peonage (encomienda)
• Conversion to Roman Catholicism
• Spanish settlement in the Southwest
• Native Americans as forced labor

17
 Exploration and settlement by France, Holland,
and Spain

• France
• Cartier, Champlain, La Salle establish claims to
  eastern Canada and the Mississippi Valley
• Claims of France overlap with those of England
  and Spain
• Conversion of Indians to Roman Catholicism
• Patterns of settlement in Canadian territories
• Immigration to colonies controlled (Huguenots and
  other dissidents excluded)
• For the most part, French coexist peacefully with
  Indians
• Initial wealth from fur trade
• Population grows slowly (under 100,000 in 1763)
• France enforces mercantilist policies
• The Dutch
• Based on the exploration and claims of Henry
  Hudson, maintain a colony in New York from 1624
  to 1664

18
Factors encouraging English settlement in North
America

• John Cabot/Henry Hudson give England claims along
  east coast of North America, Hudson Bay area,
  Newfoundland (claims conflict with those of
  France)
• English set few restrictions on immigration to
  the New World
• Conditions in England that stimulate settlement
  in American colonies
• Civil War
• Religious controversy
• Glorious Revolution
• Foreign Wars

19
Factors encouraging English settlement in North
America

• Primary reasons for English immigration to
  American colonies
• Opportunities for economic gain
• Escape from political persecution/turmoil
• Desire for religious freedom by non-Anglicans
• Mercantilist and political regulations fall prey
  to policy of salutary neglect
• Navigation Acts
• Dominion of New England

20
Patterns of English settlement

• New England
• Plymouth Colony, 1620
• Separatists
• Mayflower Compact
• Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630
• Puritans
• John Winthrops city upon a hill
• Dissenters from Puritan theology establish new
  colonies
• Roger Williams establishes colony in Rhode Island
• Anne Hutchinson
• Settlement of Connecticut, 1631-1660
• New Hampshire, 1638-1643
• Maine annexed by Massachusetts, 1652

21
Patterns of English settlement

• The Chesapeake region
• Jamestown, 1608
• London Company/economic gain
• Salvation from tobacco
• Anglican Church
• Maryland, 1632
• Proprietary colony
• Land grant to Lord Baltimoreexpectation of
  profit by proprietor
• Haven for Roman Catholics

22
Patterns of English settlement

• Middle Colonies
• New York/New Jersey/Delaware (taken from the
  Dutch), 1664
• Pennsylvania, 1681
• Proprietary colony (land grant to William Penn)
• Haven for Quakers
• Restoration colonies (Carolinas), 1665
• Proprietary colonies established by Charles II
• Anglican Church
• Georgia, 1732

23
Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

• Religious differences
• Christian view
• Bible did not mention Amerindians
• Mesoamerica Sacrificial temples, skull racks,
  cannibalism and snake motifs
• Sacrifice and the Eucharist
• Amerindians had no concept of heaven ancestors
• Differences in War
• Guerilla warfare vs. open battlefield
• European weapons intensified warfare

24
Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

• Population mass death and genocide
• European impact on culture
• Jesuits
• Diplomacy
• French and British with woodlands Indians
• Decimation by diseases, gun warfare, and
  alcoholism

25
Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

• Diplomacy
• Spain and the Pueblo Indians
• Conversion and exploitation
• Encomienda system
• Mission system
• Intermarriage
• Popes Rebellion (1680)
• Amerindians rebelled against Spanish rule in New
  Mexico and expelled them for over ten years
• Economics Horses and sheep

26
Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

• Diplomacy
• English Colonies
• Removal or extermination
• Pilgrims
• Puritans
• Pequot War (1630s)
• New England Confederation (1643)
• King Philips War (1670s)
• Pennsylvania Quakers
• Chesapeake
• John Smith
• Marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahantas
• Viginia Colonyh
• Anglo-Powhatan Wars
• Bacons Rebellion
• Carolinas
• English settlers in former French territory

27
Major Concepts

• Native American Civilization
• Societies more highly developed in Meso-America
  and South America
• North American Indians were mostly semi-sedentary
• Important tribes Pueblo Mound builders Creek
  and Cherokee Iroquois
• Impact of Contact
• Destruction of native population
• Introduction of cattle and horses
• Global empires, the rise of capitalism,
  revolution in diet
• Summary of relations
• Spanish sought to Catholicize, control, and use
  natives for forced labor
• French sought trade relations Jesuits sought
  conversion
• English sought removal and/or extermination