PROFESSIONALISM

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PROFESSIONALISM

• No man ever reached to excellence in any one art
  or profession without having passed through the
  slow and painful process of study and
  preparation.
• -Horace

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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• THE ESTROUS CYCLE

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NORMAL ESTOUS CYCLE THE BITCH

• Estrous Cycle Defined as the time from the
  beginning of one heat period to the beginning of
  the next.
• Onset of puberty 6-24mths Avg. 9-10mths
• The stages of the estrous cycle
• Proestrus
• Estrus
• Metestrus
• Diestrus
• Anestrus

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NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLEPROESTRUS

• PROESTRUS the period when the bitch is sexually
  attractive, but rejects the males advances
• Physical signs of proestrus
• Serosanguinous vaginal discharge
• Vulvar swelling
• Vaginal edema
• Internal physical signs
• Lengthening and hyperemia of the uterine horns
• Enlargement of the cervix
• Thickening of the vaginal wall

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PROESTRUS

• Hormonal signs of proestrus
• Increasing serum concentrations of estradiol
  (estrogen)
• estrogen is responsible for the physical signs of
  proestrus
• Estrogen is being produced by the maturing
  follicles in the ovary (under the influence of
  Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH)
• As proestrus progresses, the estrogen levels
  begin to peak and initiate the onset of estrus.

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PROESTRUS

• Cytologic signs of proestrus
• Vaginal Cytology
• Parabasal cells and intermediate cells
  predominate wbcs and rbcs present
• Duration of proestrus 3-17 days Avg. 9 days

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VAGINAL CYTOLOGY
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VAGINAL CYTOLOGY
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VAGINAL CYTOLOGY
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PROESTRUS
INTERMEDIATE CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS
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THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLEESTRUS

• ESTRUS The period of acceptance of the male
• Physical signs of estrus
• The swollen vulva is less turgid
• The vulvar discharge is usually less bloody
• The bitch allows mating
• standing heat
• flagging behavior (tail deviated to the side)

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ESTRUS

• Hormonal signs of estrus
• Serum estrogen peaks in late proestrus and early
  estrus. The estrogen peak initiates a surge of
  luteinizing hormone (LH)
• LH results in ovulation (rupture) of the mature
  follicle and release of the oocyte. LH also
  stimulates the cells left behind in the empty
  follicle to multiply into the corpus luteum (See
  metestrus)
• serum progesterone levels begin to increase
  toward the end of estrus (and beginning of
  metestrus)
• Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum
  which is forming from the empty follicle (see
  metestrus)
• Progesterone is the hormone that maintains
  pregnancy

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ESTRUS

• Cytologic signs of estrus
• Vaginal cytology
• Superficial and superficial anuclear squamous
  cells predominate (aka cornified cells) rbcs
  usally present, wbcs usually absent
• Duration of estrus 3-21 days Avg. 9 days

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ESTRUS VAGINAL CYTOLOGY
CORNIFIED EPITHELIAL CELLS
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THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLEMETESTRUS

• METESTRUS The period after ovulation when the
  corpus luteum develops.
• Internal signs of metestrus
• Lining of the uterus is thick and juicy in
  preparation for implantation of a fertilized ovum
• Loss of the cornified epithelial lining that
  developed in the vagina during proestrus and
  estrus

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THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLEDIESTRUS

• DIESTRUS the period when the corpus luteum has
  reached maximum size and effectiveness. Begins
  with the bitchs refusal to mate
• Physical signs of diestrus
• None except the cessation of signs of estrus
• Hormonal signs of diestrus
• Serum progesterone levels continue to increase
  and peak during diestrus
• In a pregnant bitches, there is a rapid
  pre-partum drop in progesterone 24 hours before
  partuition
• In non-pregnant animals, the decline may be more
  gradual

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DIESTRUS

• Cytologic signs of diestrus
• Vaginal cytology
• A sudden decrease in the number of superficial
  cells and a reappearance of intermediate and
  parabasal cells, and wbcs.
• Duration of diestrus 2mths
• Dogs and cats are unique in that their corpora
  lutea appear to have preprogrammed life spans.

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DIESTRUS VAGINAL CYTOLOGY
PARABASAL CELLS
INTERMEDIATE CELLS
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DIESTRUS

• PSEUDOPREGNANCY
• A prolonged diestrus
• Animal may show signs of pregnancy
• Nesting behavior
• Mammary enlargement
• Lactation in extreme cases
• Clinical signs fade with time

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THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLEANESTRUS

• ANESTRUS Follows diestrus and ends with the
  onset of proestrus criteria vary
• First time plasma progesterone reaches a level
  below 3 nmol/L
• The moment that the influence of progesterone on
  the endometrium is no longer evident.
• Cytologic signs of anestrus
• Samples are almost acellular
• The cells present are parabasal cells and small
  intermediate cells.
• Duration of anestrus Avg. 4.5mths.

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THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLETHE QUEEN

• Onset of puberty 6-9mths
• Female cats are seasonally polyestrous
• Cycle controlled by the photoperiod and body
  weight
• 12-14 hours of light and 2.5kgs
• In the absence of ovulation or pregnancy,
  repeated estrous cycles occur every 10-14 days

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THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLEPROESTRUS in the queen

• PROESTRUS The period of follicular development,
  but refusal to mate
• Physical signs of proestrus
• Owner may notice increased affection
• No vulvar swelling or vaginal discharge in cats
• Hormonal signs of proestrus
• Characterized by increasing serum estrogen
  concentrations
• Cytologic signs of proestrus
• Epithelial cells become cornified
• Duration of proestrus 1-2 days

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THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLEESTRUS in the queen

• ESTRUS The period of sexual receptivity and
  follicle maturation
• Physical signs of estrus
• Queen allows copulation
• Extreme affection (head rubbing, vocalization,
  crouching of the thoracic limbs with rigid
  extension of the pelvic limbs, lordosis, lateral
  deviation of the tail)
• Hormonal signs of estrus
• Peak serum concentrations of estrogen
• Cytologic signs of estrus
• Maximum vaginal epithelium cornification
• Duration of estrus 7-9 days

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ESTRUS

• Cats are known to be induced ovulators
• Ovulation of the mature follicle occurs as a
  result of stimulation of the vagina and cervix
  during mating

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FRIENDSHIP

• Friendship is like peeing on yourself Everyone
  can see it, but only you get the warm feeling
  that it brings.

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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

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VAGINITIS

• Definition an inflammatory process, not
  necessarily infectious.
• Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis)
• VS.
• Adult vaginitis

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VAGINITIS

• PUPPY VAGINITIS
• Causes
• Inverted vulva
• Hormonal fluctuations
• Clinical signs
• Purulent vulvar discharge
• /- licking the vulva
• Treatments
• systemic antibiotics
• topical douching
• Signs will return when treatment is discontinued
• Condition resolves naturally after the first heat
  cycle

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VAGINITIS
Inverted vulva
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VAGINITIS

• ADULT VAGINITIS
• Causes
• Anatomical abnormalities
• Canine herpesvirus
• Clinical signs
• purulent vulvar discharge
• /- licking the vulva
• peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection
• Perceived urinary incontinence

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VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE

• Hyperplasia/prolapse
• Occurs under the influence of estrogen
• Results in edematous vaginal tissue that
  protrudes from the vulva
• Treatment
• Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition
  permanently and is the tx of choice
• Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur
  with subsequent estrous cycles

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VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE
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OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS

• PYOMETRA Literally pus in the uterus
• High levels of progesterone cause several changes
  in the uterus
• hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial
  glands of the uterus
• Decreased myometrial contractions
• Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection
• Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli

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PYOMETRA

• CLINICAL SIGNS
• Vulvar discharge
• Vomiting
• Dehydration
• PU/PD
• Azotemia
• DIAGNOSIS
• Radiology
• Ultrasound
• Bloodwork
• Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift

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PYOMETRA
This is a potentially life-threatening condition
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PYOMETRA
An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and
allows drainage Of the pus
Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy As well
as antibiotics and fluid therapy
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PYOMETRA IN A RAT
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PREGNANCY

• PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS
• Palpation (days 25-36)
• Hormone assay
• Ultrasonography (20 days)
• Radiography (day 45)

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PREGNANCY RADIOGRAPHS
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PREGNANCY

• GESTATION the period of pregnancy
• DOGS 62-65
• CATS 62-65
• THREE STAGES OF LABOR
• 1STuterine contractions
• 2nddelivery of the newborn
• 3rddelivery of the placenta
• Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered
  alternately

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PREGNANCY

• SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION
• Nesting behavior12-24 hours before
• Inappetance
• Panting, shivering
• Drop in rectal temperature 24-48 hours before
  partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in
  progesterone) lt100F

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PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE I intermittent uterine contractions
  with no sign of abdominal straining
• Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue
  through stage I
• Cervix dilates

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PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE II delivery of the newborn
• Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly
  above
• Passing of fetal fluids
• Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by
  abdominal contractions
• 1st fetus usually delivered within 4 hours
• Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the
  neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord

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PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE II WARNING SIGNS
• The bitch should be examined by a vet for the
  following reasons
• Greenish discharge, but no pup is born within 2-4
  hrs
• Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously,
  but nothing more has happened
• If she has had weak, irregular straining for more
  than 2-4 hours
• If she has had strong, regular straining for more
  than 20-30 minutes, but no pup born
• More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth
  of the last puppy and more remain
• If she has been in stage II for more than 12
  hours

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PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE II
• Interval between births
• Usually 5-120 minutes
• Partuition should never be allowed to last more
  than 24 hours

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PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE III expulsion of the placenta
• Usually follows within 15 minutes of each fetus
• Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be
  associated with vomiting and diarrhea
• Lochia greenish postpartum discharge of fetal
  fluids and placental remains will be seen for up
  to 3 weeks or more

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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

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PEOPLE

• Everyone has a photographic memory, its just
  that some people dont have film.

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PREGNANCY

• DYSTOCIA Difficult birth or the inability to
  expel the fetus through the birth canal without
  assistance
• Causes
• Abnormal fetal position or size
• Uterine inertia
• Narrowed birth canal
• Diagnosis
• Digital palpation of vagina
• Radiographs
• ultrasound

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PREGNANCY DYSTOCIA

• TREATMENT
• Manual manipulation a fetus lodged in the
  vaginal canal can be manually dislodged.
• For uterine inertia oxytocin injections result
  in contraction of the uterine muscles also,
  calcium preparations can be given
• C-section

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PREGNANCY INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR

• DAM SHOULD
• Allow nursing
• Grooming
• Stimulate CV,RS function
• Stimulates elimination and removal of waste
  material
• retrieving
• Protecting
• DAM SHOULD NOT
• Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young
• Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

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PREGNANCY LACTATION DISORDERS

• Agalactia lack of milk production
• Causes include
• Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or
  infection
• Galactostasis milk stasis, which can result in
  mastitis
• Mastitis a septic inflammation of the mammary
  gland
• Clinical signs
• Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow
  nursing, abscessed glands

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PREGNANCY LACTATION DISORDERS

• Treatment for mastitis
• Antibiotics
• Warm compresses
• Do not allow nursing from affected glands

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PROSTATIC DISEASES

• PROSTATE Sex gland in the dog and cat
• Located just caudal to the bladder, encircling
  the proximal urethra at the neck of the bladder
• Purpose is to produce a fluid as transport and
  support medium for sperm during ejaculation

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PROSTATIC DISEASE
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BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

• Caused by altered androgen/estrogen ratio
• Mild or no clinical signs
• Tenesmus
• Enlarged prostate but not painful
• TX
• Castration results in a 70 decrease in size
  within 14 days

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BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
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PROSTATITIS

• Bacterial prostatitis may be acute or chronic and
  it affects sexually mature dogs
• Clinical signs
• Lethargy
• Anorexia
• Diagnosis
• Urinalysis hematuria, increased white blood
  cells, presence of bacteria
• Treatment
• Antibiotics
• Castration
• Prostatitis can lead to abscessation

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NEOPLASIA of the male genital tract

• Prostatic neoplasia is uncommon, but all
  prostatic neoplasms are malignant
• Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)
• Occurs only in the canine
• Spreads during sexual contact
• Tumors found on the penis, prepuce, and scrotum
• Cauliflower-like
• Treatment
• Chemotherapy
• Surgical removal of small localized masses

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TVT
These tumors are friable and bleed easily
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CRYPTORCHIDISM

• One or both testicles have been retained in the
  abdomen or inguinal canal
• Often the retained testicle is still functional
• Dog can still produce testoterone, show sexual
  desire and breed
• A testicular tumor known as sertoli cell tumor is
  more common in retained testicles
• These animal should not be bred

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CRYPTORCHIDISM
Two normal testicles
Unilateral cryptorchid
Treatment is castration testicle Should be
removed from the Abdomen or pushed down from The
inguinal canal
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CASTRATION
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MAMMARY TUMORS

• Usually tumors of older intact females
• 50 of all tumors in female dogs
• 3rd most common tumor in cats
• Risk dramatically reduces with ovariohysterectomy
  (lt1 if spayed before 1st heat)
• 50 of canine tumors are benign
• Only 10-20 of feline tumors are benign

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MAMMARY TUMORS
Malignant tumors are usually fast
growing, Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors
are Often small and feel like a pea.
Surgical removal is advised for all Mammary
tumors. Biopsy is required To differentiate
benign from malignant tumors
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OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY

• Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus

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